Assessment of the geographical location of the country Sudan. Sudan. Map of Sudan in Russian. Main Sudan, flag, history of the state. Where is Sudan on the world map

In the north of the country, voters received three ballots - to elect the president of the country, the governor of the state, as well as deputies of the National Assembly and local parliaments from candidates presented in a single party list, candidates from geographical constituencies and a separate "women's" list.

Following the results of the general elections held from April 11 to 15, the leader of the National Congress (NC) party, Omar al-Bashir, who has been ruling in Sudan for 21 years, retained his post of president.

Currently, Sudan is the third oil-producing country among sub-Saharan African countries. Proven oil reserves are estimated at 6 billion barrels, production volume is 510 thousand barrels per day. The main oil production areas are in South Sudan and in the border areas between North and South. The export pipeline runs through North Sudan to Port Sudan on the Red Sea. Oil revenue is the main source of foreign exchange earnings for Khartoum and accounts for 98% of South Sudan's budget.

Analysts note that if Khartoum accepts the results of the referendum, if the North and South maintain normal business relations, if the situation in Darfur improves, Sudan's economic growth rate will be at 6.2% in the next five years and by 2016. will reach 9%.

Although the oil sector is the main driver of Sudan's economy, more than a third of the country's GDP comes from agriculture.

About 80% of the country's amateur population is employed in agriculture. Sudan is distinguished by a large number of large and small livestock - about 130 million heads (according to estimates for 2009, the fourth largest in the world). The country is one of the main suppliers of high-quality cotton to the world market. Sudan accounts for more than half of the world's gum arabic production.

Major exports also include peanuts, sesame, hides and skins. Sorghum, wheat, and sugar cane are also grown.
Industry is relatively poorly developed, employing about 5% of the amateur population. Main industries: oil, light and food, pharmaceutical, production of building materials.

In the field of foreign policy, the Sudanese leadership declares its commitment to the provisions of the Charters of the UN, the African Union (AU), the League of Arab States (LAS), the Organization of the Islamic Conference, and the principles of the Non-Aligned Movement.

The United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNAMIS) has been deployed in southern Sudan since 2005, monitoring and assisting in the implementation of the CPA; The African Union Mission in Sudan (AUM) operates in Darfur. After the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution No. 1769 on July 30, 2007, Sudan agreed to the deployment of a peacekeeping “hybrid operation” - UNAMID - in Darfur.

The material was prepared based on information from RIA Novosti and open sources

1. Using a textbook, as well as atlas maps, name the features of the nature, population and economic activities of the countries of Sudan and Central Africa.

The climate is warm, winds blow from the seas, and there is little precipitation. Features of nature: constant warm weather, rare animals, few bodies of water. The economic activity is the same in both places, 1) hunting 2) fishing 3) farming (but not everywhere)

2. Compare the agriculture of North Africa, Sudan and Central Africa.

Central Africa includes the following states: Gabon, Angola, Congo, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Sao Tome, Equatorial Guinea and Chad. The countries of Central Africa have a good range of natural resources. This allows them not only to develop industry, but also to be a subject of foreign trade. For example, Congo has the largest reserves of gold, silver, diamonds and copper in the world. In Chad, the mainstay of the economy is agriculture. This state exports wool, cotton and textiles to European countries. However, even the most developed states of Central Africa do not fully utilize their potential. Guinea is an agricultural country. The main grain crop is rice. In addition to it, cassava, sweet potato, yam (a perennial shrub with large tubers) and other tropical crops are grown for their own consumption. Valuable tree species grow in the equatorial forests: ironwood, redwood, black, ceiba, etc. The woodworking industry is developing. The country is rich in mineral resources. Guinea is the most important supplier of bauxite on the world market.

North African countries. This group includes: Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Mauritania, etc. The coastal strip and mountain valleys are especially densely populated, where more than 90% of the country’s population lives. Valuable subtropical crops are grown on fertile soils.

3. Which countries are located in Southern Sahara? How do people cope with drought there?

Countries - Egypt, Libya, part of Sudan, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Algeria, Niger, are located in the southern part of the Sahara Desert.

Poor people are fighting the drought as best they can. Why does desertification occur? Yes, because they often allow overgrazing of animals that eat not only the vegetation, its upper part, but also pull it out by the roots, and then the wind - and the sand flies away, unchecked by anything. Now they are trying to prevent overgrazing, they are planting low-growing shrubs so that with their help The sand was retained by the roots and did not fly away; grass was planted.

In the Sahara there are bodies of water under the sand, they are now being searched for using modern means of finding water, and people are settling there. There is a lot of water in the desert, but you need to find it.

4. Indicate what economic activities of the indigenous population of the countries of Sudan and Central Africa contribute to the desertification of savannas and forest loss.

The indigenous people of the countries of Sudan and Central Africa initially led a nomadic lifestyle. The main economic activity was cattle breeding. Breeding a large number of herbivores required large areas - livestock quickly trampled and ate vegetation, it was necessary to look for new pastures and even cut down forests. In Congo, 2/3 of the population is employed in agriculture: bananas, rice, corn - agricultural land and pastures occupy only 3.5% of the total area, but provide 55% of GDP. Two sectors: subsistence agriculture (main labor force) and commercial - export (plantations)

Sudan on a map of Africa
(all pictures are clickable)

The difficult colonial past had a detrimental effect on the fate of this African country. During the reign of Egypt and Britain, internal borders were drawn without taking into account the ethnic and religious differences of the people living here. The result of ongoing conflicts was the split of the country.

Once the largest of all African countries, it has split into two parts: Sudan and South Sudan. As politicians often present this situation: Black Africa has decided to secede from the Arab world.

Geographical position

The Republic of Sudan is located in North Africa and has access to the Red Sea. The northeastern border of the country runs along its coast. Ethiopia and Eritrea adjoin its territory to the east. In the north the state borders with Egypt, in the south with South Sudan. To the west, its neighbors are three countries - the Central African Republic, Chad and Libya.

Where the White and Blue Nile unite, the great African Nile River begins its journey. Its valley from south to north crosses the entire territory of the state. Where the three Niles merge together is the capital of the country, Khartoum.

A significant part of the territory of Sudan is an elevated plateau with altitudes from 300 to 1000 m. The northern regions of the country are occupied by the Libyan and Nubian deserts.

Tropical desert climate, in the zone of which is located Sudan, determines the weather in the region. It's always hot and very dry here. Throughout the year, average monthly temperatures fluctuate between +20-30 °C. Only in deserts is there a seasonal difference in temperature. In winter, the thermometer can drop to +4 °C, and in the summer months it can rise to +45 °C. No more than 200 ml of precipitation falls per year in the summer.

A big environmental problem is soil erosion and the onset of desert (desertification).

Flora and fauna

Vegetation cover is also formed in accordance with climatic conditions. Or more precisely, its absence in the northern regions. In deserts, only cereals and dry herbs are found. In rare oases you can see stunted trees, open forests - only in the Nile Valley.

To the south, savannah landscapes appear. Individual acacias, tamarinds, and giant baobabs are scattered across the expanses overgrown with cereal grasses. The mountain slopes along the Red Sea coast are covered with forests.

The fauna of deserts is extremely scarce: several species of reptiles and insects. But savannas are populated by fauna representatives quite densely. Herds of elephants roam here, fleet-footed antelopes and gazelles rush by. They are hunted by lions and leopards. Graceful giraffes observe the picture of life from above.

Crocodiles feel good in the Nile River, and hippos have settled along its banks. The coastal waters of the Red Sea are full of marine life.

State structure

Sudan map

Like most African countries, Sudan is a republic. The head of state and government is the President. The highest executive body is the Government, the legislative body is the National Assembly. The country's territory is divided into 17 states. There are more than 30 active political parties in Sudan.

Arabic is recognized as the official language. The absolute majority of the population professes Islam (Sunnis). It has its own currency - the Sudanese pound.

Population

Sudan has more than 40.5 million inhabitants. Despite unfavorable economic and political conditions, population growth rates are high. But the average life expectancy is short (about 62 years), and there is a high infant mortality rate.

The population of cities is growing rapidly. More than 50% of residents prefer to settle along the Nile River Valley.

Sudan can be called a multi-ethnic country. In addition to the largest number of Arabs, more than 570 different peoples live here.

Economy

The republic is one of the poorest countries in the world. The state is in dire need of electricity. A huge external debt complicates the economic situation, but the Sudanese are actively seeking to improve the situation. Industry and agriculture are developing, roads and enterprises are being built.

The leading sectors of the economy are:

• food industry;
• light industry;
• mining and manufacturing industry;
• pharmaceuticals;
• production of building materials;
• Agriculture.

The impetus for economic development was the beginning of the development of oil fields. Oil production, refining and export bring significant income to the country. Sudan's accession to the WTO is currently being considered.

The territory of Sudan has been inhabited since time immemorial; presumably, 7 thousand years BC, people were already living here. In the 4th century BC. e. The kingdom of Kush was formed in the region, and wars with Egypt began over territory. The Egyptian pharaohs who conquered Kush proclaimed Christianity there. But in the 7th century, the territory of the state was captured by Muslim Arabs. They turned the local population into slaves and began to harshly enforce Islam. Already from these times, serious interethnic and religious contradictions began in Sudan.

Europeans appeared in the region only in the 12th century. The British mission was aggressive; they supported Egypt's aggressive policies. The local population fought for the right to be a free country. In 1956, it was crowned with success, Sudan was declared an independent state. But internal strife began. The predominantly Christian south did not want to live according to the laws of Islam.

The civil war has not died down to this day. Even after the separation of South Sudan into an independent state, military conflicts continue.

Attractions

Many ancient buildings have been preserved from past centuries. They are the main attractions of the country. The Parliament Building and the Palace of the Republic in Khartoum are striking in their original architecture. The most valuable exhibits, which are several thousand years old, are kept in the Sudanese National Museum.

Catholic cathedrals and mosques in cities deserve attention. Archeology lovers are attracted to excavations of the ruins of ancient cities. Beautiful landscapes and amazingly delicious fruits can also be considered among the attractions of this African country.

Sudan photo

This is a young and very unique African state. Think about it: it has only 30 km of asphalt roads and about 250 km of railway tracks. And even those are not in the best condition. Even the capital of South Sudan does not have running water. However, its residents do not lose heart and look to the future with hope, expecting only the best from it.

General information

• Full name: Republic of South Sudan.
• The area of ​​the country is 620 thousand sq. km.
• The capital of South Sudan is the city of Juba.
• Population - 11.8 million people (as of July 2014).
• Population density - 19 people/sq. km.
• The official language is English.
• The currency is the South Sudanese pound.
• The time difference with Moscow is minus 1 hour.

Geographical position

South Sudan is the youngest state in modern Africa. Only in the summer of 2011 did it gain independence from Sudan and thus acquire a new status. South Sudan is located in East Africa. It has no access to the sea. The north and center of the country are occupied by plains, and in the south there are highlands. The main geographical feature of this hot African country is that a river flows through its entire territory. This is one of the tributaries of the Nile - the White Nile. This is what gives very good potential for the development of agriculture and livestock farming. South Sudan borders Kenya and Ethiopia, Uganda, Sudan, Congo, and the Central African Republic.

Climate

The country is geographically located in the subequatorial climate zone. From this follows the characteristics of its weather conditions. It's hot here all year round. The seasons differ from each other only in the amount of precipitation. The winter period is shorter. It is characterized by low rainfall. Summer is rainier. In the north of the country, annual precipitation is 700 mm, while in the south and southwest these figures are 2 times higher - 1400 mm. During the summer, rivers and swampy areas located in the central part of the republic are fed.

Flora and fauna

It is safe to say that South Sudan is a country that is relatively lucky with its natural conditions. After all, a river flows through its entire territory, allowing plants and animals to exist. There are a lot of trees and shrubs in the country. The south of the state is occupied by tropical ones. In the extreme south there are equatorial ones. The Central African Highlands and the Ethiopian Range are covered with mountain forests. Along the riverbed there are gallery hearths and bushes. The state leadership is trying to preserve the natural wealth of their country. The president designated nature conservation as one of the most important areas of domestic policy. There are many protected areas and reserves here. Wildlife migration routes run through South Sudan. Nature has created ideal conditions for the settlement of these places by elephants, lions, giraffes, antelopes and other representatives of the fauna.

Population

The people of Sudan live in very difficult conditions. Almost a few survive to old age, or more precisely, to the age of 65, only 2%. The infant mortality rate is very high. This is due to many reasons. Low standard of living, poor-quality food, lack of drinking water, poorly developed medicine, frequent infection from sick animals - all this leads to the development of infectious diseases in the state of South Sudan. The country's population is just over 11 million people. Agree, this is not much.

And even despite high mortality and active migration, population growth rates remain high. The reason for this is good fertility. The average number of children per woman in the country is 5 or 4. The ethnic composition is quite complex: more than 570 different ethnic groups and nationalities live here, most of them are black Africans. The main religion is Christianity, although local African beliefs are important. The official language is English, but Arabic is also very common. The bulk of the population lives in rural areas, in villages. City residents make up only 19% of the total population. The literacy rate also leaves much to be desired - 27%. Among men this percentage is 40%, among women - only 16%.

Political structure

Now South Sudan is an independent state. The country received this status after July 9, 2011, when it seceded from Sudan. The country is governed by the president, who is both the head of the republic and the head of government. He is elected for 4 years. The country's parliament is bicameral, consisting of the Council of States and the National Legislative Assembly. There are 3 political parties in parliament. Territorial division: the state of South Sudan consists of 10 states, which were formerly provinces. Each of them has its own constitution and governing bodies.

Flag

It consists of alternating stripes - black, white, red, white and green. On the left side there is a blue triangle with a star. What does the flag symbolize? The color black speaks of the black nation. White is a symbol of freedom that the people have dreamed of gaining for so long. Red is the color of blood shed by millions in the struggle for their independence. Green is a symbol of the fertility of the land, the richness of the flora and fauna of South Sudan. The blue color symbolizes the waters of the White Nile - the river that gives life to this country. The star on the state flag speaks of the integrity of its individual 10 states. The idea of ​​such a state symbol is as follows: the black Africans inhabiting South Sudan have united in a complex struggle for peace and prosperity for all residents of their country.

Coat of arms

Another distinctive sign of the state is also very symbolic. The coat of arms depicts a bird with open wings. Namely, the secretary bird. This representative of the genus of birds lives in African meadows and savannas and is particularly resilient. It spends a long time tracking and attacking its prey (small lizards, snakes and even young gazelles), moving on foot. The secretary bird is held in high esteem by many African peoples. Her image is present on the presidential flag, the state seal, and on military insignia. On the coat of arms, her head is turned to the right, a characteristic crest is visible in profile. At the top of the image there is a banner with the inscription “Victory is ours”, at the bottom there is another one indicating the name of the state “Republic of Sudan”. The bird has a shield in its paws. The full name of the state is once again indicated along the edge of the coat of arms.

History of the development of the state

There was no state as such on the modern territory of South Sudan during the colonization of Africa. Only separate tribes lived here and lived peacefully with each other. They represented different nationalities who got along well side by side. When European states, primarily Great Britain, began to actively invade new lands, subjecting them to colonization, the peace of the local residents was disturbed. Colonizers seize territories in order to take over their resources. South Sudan was no exception.

Europeans were interested in both slaves and gold, timber, and ivory. The first such invasions began in 1820-1821, and the invaders were Turkish-Egyptian troops. As a result of these raids, millions of inhabitants became slaves in neighboring Arab countries. For more than 60 years, the Turkish-Egyptian regime existed in Sudan. Then power passed to the Ottoman Empire. After its collapse, Egypt and Britain conspired to take over Sudan, dividing it into north and south. It was only in 1956 that Sudan became independent, with different administrative structures for the north and south. Since that time, civil clashes began within the country.

Historians and political scientists believe that in the north of the country the colonialists developed the socio-economic sectors of life, while they did not deal with the south, leaving everything to Christian missionaries. There were different development programs for the north and south, a visa regime was introduced for crossing borders, and residents of South Sudan were prohibited from contacting foreigners. All this only increased without bringing the desired socio-economic development. Then the British colonialists changed their policy, launching a “unification” mission. However, she found herself against the southerners. In fact, the British, united with the elite of the north, dictated living conditions to the population of the south. South Sudan was left without political and economic power.

In 1955, an uprising broke out against the invaders. This civil war lasted 17 years. As a result, an agreement was signed in 1972 that gave some freedom to the Republic of South Sudan. Independence, however, largely remained only on paper. Forced Islamization, enslavement, massacres, executions and complete stagnation in socio-economic life continued. Real change came in 2005, when another peace agreement was signed in Nairobi, Kenya. It stipulated that South Sudan would receive a new Constitution, some autonomy and self-government. On July 9, 2005, the leader of the black liberation movement, Dr. Garang, became the first vice president of the Republic of Sudan. The agreement defined a period of 6 years, after which the republic can hold a referendum on self-determination. And then on July 9, 2011, a popular vote was held, in which 98% of South Sudanese voted for the sovereignty of the state. From that time on, a new stage in the life of the country began.

Foreign policy

After the referendum and declaration of independence, South Sudan acquired sovereignty. Surprisingly, the first state to officially recognize this was its northern neighbor. Currently, almost all powers of the world have recognized the new state, including Russia. Foreign policy is focused on nearby African countries, including Great Britain. Interaction with Northern Sudan remains extremely difficult due to a large number of controversial economic and territorial issues. But many international organizations are successfully cooperating with the new state. For example, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the European Union, the International Olympic Committee, the UN. It was recognized by all BRICS members and countries.

Economy

South Sudan and North Sudan have been fighting each other for too long. This did not have a positive impact on the country's economy. Although there are more than enough problems in the national economy, South Sudan has enormous potential. The country is rich in resources. This is primarily oil. Sudan's budget is 98% filled with income from the sale of black gold. The presence of the river makes it possible to obtain cheap hydropower for industrial development. There are many other minerals - copper, zinc, tungsten, gold and silver. Lack of transport routes, lack of electricity, poor quality of drinking water, destroyed infrastructure - all this hinders economic development. However, the country has no external debt, and the level of income exceeds expenses. This is why Sudan is considered a country with high potential. Agriculture includes cotton, peanuts, papaya, mangoes, bananas, sesame and wheat. Cattle breeding is based on the breeding of camels and sheep.

Healthcare

This social sphere is very poorly developed. Low levels of infrastructure and literacy contribute to the spread of infectious diseases. Every now and then epidemics of malaria and cholera and black fever break out. The country has one of the highest rates of HIV infection in the world. There are strange diseases here that are found nowhere else in the world, for example, sternocleidomatous fever.

Attractions

The cities of South Sudan cannot boast of anything unusual. The main attraction of the country is its beautiful and unique nature. It is in virgin, untouched condition. Here you can enjoy views of the savannah and its inhabitants. This is a paradise for safari lovers. In the National Park on the border with the Congo and in the Boma National Park you can see wild animals - giraffes, lions, antelopes - in their natural habitat.

Big cities

The capital of the republic is the largest city in it. The population of Juba is about 372 thousand people.

Other large cities are Wau, which has a population of 110 thousand, Malakai - 95 thousand, Yei - 62 thousand, Uvail - 49 thousand. As already noted, this is a largely rural country, with only 19% of the population living in cities. However, the government plans to move the capital to Ramseilles. For now, Juba remains the main city. South Sudan announced the construction of a new administrative capital district in the center of the country.

, Port Sudan, Kassala, Kosti. It shares land borders with the Central African Republic, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya and South Sudan.

Ethnic groups: Sudanese Arabs 70%, Dinka, Nubians and others. Official religion - Islam, traditional beliefs, Christianity. The official languages ​​are Arabic and English, and the population of various parts of the country speaks tribal languages. Sudan's population is highly diverse. Sub-Saharan Africa has hundreds of ethnic tribes and language groups that make cooperation in the political arena problematic.

Sudan's main lifeline is the Nile River, which flows 3,000 kilometers from Uganda in the south to Egypt in the north. Most of the country lies in its basin. Blue Nile and White Nileflowing from the Ethiopian Highlands and lakes of Central Africa, merging to form the Nile proper. In the northeast of the country there is a long coastline of the Red Sea. The fauna is very diverse; deserts are represented by different types of reptiles, and forests and woodlands are home to giraffes, crocodiles, zebras, leopards, lions, elephants and monkeys. Birds in Sudan include storks (including marabou), bustards, secretary birds, flamingos, and ostriches.

The climate of Sudan is tropical, in the northern plains and deserts the average temperature ranges from 32 degrees Celsius in winter to 42 in summer, with the hottest months being May and June. In the central and southern regions, the average temperature is 27-29 degrees Celsius. Climate hazards include sandstorms in the northern deserts and floods in the middle zone in the Nile Valley. The rainy season sometimes lasts up to 10 months a year.

From the beginning of the Christian era, there were many independent kingdoms and principalities in Sudan until 1820, when Egypt conquered and unified the northern part of the country. However, Egypt did not have effective control over the southern region of the country outside of its garrisons. In 1881, the spiritual leader of Sudan, Muhammad ibn Abdullah, declared himself the “Mahdi,” that is, “the expected one,” and began a crusade for the religious unification of the tribes in western and central Sudan. His followers took the name "Ansar", which continues to be used to this day. Taking advantage of dissatisfaction with Ottoman-Egyptian exploitation and poor government, the Mahdi organized a nationalist uprising that led to the fall of the regime in 1885. The Mahdi died soon after and was invaded in 1898 Ango-Egyptian forces restored Egyptian supremacy in Sudan, and although nominally at this time control of the territory was exercised jointly by Egypt and Great Britain, policy was shaped by the British cabinet.

In 1956, Sudan gained independence and from that moment on, the protracted conflict between tribes and religious denominations resulted in a civil war for 17 years. The second civil war in Sudan began in January 1983, when southern soldiers rebelled. In September 1983, President Nemeiry announced that traditional Islamic punishments, taken from Sharia, would be included in the country's criminal code. Amputation of hands for theft and public flogging for drinking alcohol has become commonplace. In April 1985, Nimeiri was overthrown. The civil war, involving neighboring countries, dragged on until 2002, when the government adopted the Machakos Protocol recognizing South Sudan's right to self-determination. On July 9, 2011, the Republic of South Sudan officially announced its withdrawal from Sudan and independence. But Sudan is still the poorest country in Africa, torn by internal problems; it is not for nothing that it is called “the bleeding wound on the body of Africa.”

Currently, Sudan's main natural resource is oil. The agricultural sector remains the most important for the economy, employing 80% of the workforce - in livestock farming (mainly goats), tanning hides and skins for export, and fishing.