Which seas wash the driest continent. The driest continent. Africa, Australia and Antarctica

Arid Australia

Australia may be an arid continent, but the continent has preserved a unique flora and natural world. Nowhere else on the planet do platypuses and kangaroos live, nor do tree-like palms grow.

The driest continent on the globe is Australia. But his titles, which refer to “the most,” do not end there. Australia is also the smallest piece of the continent, and its discovery was only in the 7th century. Australia is also the only place on earth where unique animals have been preserved.

Australia began to be explored only at the end of the 18th century. The English government of that time began to develop the territory in a rather unique way: it sent English convicts there to settle. Sydney, a large Australian city, originated as a convict colony.

The scale of the continent

The shores of the continent are washed by two oceans: the Indian and the Pacific. The dimensions are “tiny” - compared to other continents - only 8.9 million square kilometers. For comparison, Eurasia is 6 times larger. If you look at the globe from top to bottom, Australia will be located in the south. It also occupies the eastern hemisphere.

From south to north, the length of the continent is 3200 km, from east to west - 4100. According to the latest data, Australia is inhabited by 24,000,000 people, and they all live in one state - the Commonwealth of Australia. There are no more states that can fit on the territory of the continent. The capital of the country is Canberra.

80% of the population are Anglo-American immigrants, 1% are local residents - aborigines. All the rest are immigrants from other countries. Aborigines live mainly on reservations. The population occupies the eastern and southeastern territories, places where precipitation occurs.

Summer in Australia

Like all countries in the Southern Hemisphere, summer in Australia begins when it is winter in Eurasia. Accordingly, the winter of the Southern Hemisphere is the summer of the Northern Hemisphere. If you look at average temperatures, in summer it is plus 20 degrees Celsius, and in winter 12. The lowest temperature in the mountains is recorded at about minus 12 degrees, on the plain it is down to minus 4.

Rain in Australia falls mainly in the north or east of the continent; in other places it almost never happens. The climate of the continent is determined by four zones: tropical, subtropical, subequatorial and temperate.

Australian platform

At the heart of Australia is a platform that is still in constant motion: falling and rising. Now the continent is considered one of the calmest in terms of seismic situation; its topography is quite flat and somewhat boring. In the eastern part is the Great Dividing Range. According to geologists, Australia is “stuffed” with minerals. What is there in its depths: bauxite, iron ore, uranium, bauxite and diamonds. The diamond deposits are rich, the stones are of amazing purity. Australia is an arid continent because there are no large rivers. The largest river is the Murray, which has a tributary called the Darling. But the rivers are full only during the rainy season; during the dry summer, the water level drops significantly.

There are many underground lakes on the continent, but most of the reservoirs are drainless - such as ponds. The water in them is salty. One of the large lakes is Lake Eyre. It is located 12 meters below ocean level.

People living in Australia protect their arid continent and its unique nature. National parks have been created on the continent, where people are only guests. and the owners are animals and plants.

Parameter name	Meaning
Article topic:	EURASIA
Rubric (thematic category)	Geography

Eurasia is the largest continent on Earth. Taking into account the islands, it is located in all hemispheres of the planet, although it mainly belongs to the northern and eastern. Its coastline is very indented, the mainland is washed by a huge number of seas and bays, and many large and small peninsulas jut into the ocean. The natural and climatic conditions of Eurasia are extremely diverse: while its southern territories are located in the equatorial zone of the planet, the northern ones go far beyond the Polar Circle.

Extreme points of Eurasia:

Northern: Cape Chelyuskin – 77°43’N. 104°18’E

South: Cape Piai – 1°16’N. 103°31’E

Western: Cape Roca – 38°47’N. 9°30’W

Eastern: Cape Dezhnev – 66°5’N. 169°39’W

The continent is located in all climatic zones of the Earth: equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate, subarctic and arctic.

Eurasia is washed by all the oceans of the Earth, with the exception of the Southern: Atlantic from the west, Arctic from the north, Pacific from the east and Indian from the south.

Eurasia is connected to Africa in the southwest through the Sinai Peninsula, and in the east it is separated from North America by the narrow Bering Strait.

Eurasia is washed by the waters of all four oceans, which form marginal and inland seas along its shores: the Baltic, Black, Azov, Mediterranean, North and Norwegian seas; The Straits of Gibraltar and the English Channel, as well as the Bay of Biscay, belong to the Atlantic Ocean. There are large islands here: Great Britain, Iceland, Ireland, as well as peninsulas: Scandinavian, Iberian, Apennine. The northern shores of Eurasia are washed by the seas of the Arctic Ocean: Barents, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukotka. The largest islands are Novaya Zemlya, Spitsbergen; peninsulas - Taimyr, Yamal. The Bering Strait connects the Arctic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, which forms the marginal seas off the coast of Eurasia: Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea, Japan Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, South China Sea. The largest islands: Sakhalin, Hokkaido, Honshu, Philippine, Greater Sunda; peninsulas: Kamchatka, Korea, Indochina.

The seas of the Indian Ocean (Red, Arabian) and bays (Persian, Bengal) extend deep into the land. They are washed by large peninsulas - Arabian, Hindustan, Malacca.

Eurasia is a continent of contrasts. Due to the enormous size of the continent, the nature of Eurasia is diverse and complex. Here is the greatest peak of the world - Mount Chomolungma (Everest) with a height of 8848 m and the deepest depression of land (relative to sea level) - the Dead Sea (-402 m); the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere in Oymyakon, where a temperature of -70° is recorded, and the sultry regions of Mesopotamia; the arid regions of the Arabian Peninsula, where only 44 mm of precipitation falls per year, and the humid regions of North-East India (Cherrapunji) with precipitation of 12,000 mm or more per year; in the north of the continent there are arctic deserts, and in the south there are humid equatorial forests.

From the history of research. Long before the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries and the founding of the First Geographical Institute by the Portuguese Prince Henry, the inhabitants of Europe were actively exploring the lands around them and making geographical discoveries. One of the first were the Phoenicians, who in the 2nd century BC. e. explored the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, then the ancient Greeks completed the discovery of Southern Europe. And during the reign of the Romans, who conquered the southern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, the name of the third part of the world appeared - Africa. During the Age of Great Geographical Discovery, the famous journey of the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama to India took place, as well as the circumnavigation of Ferdinand Magellan, who, having sailed across the Pacific Ocean, approached the islands of Indonesia. The nature of Central Asia, Siberia and the Far East has long remained a mystery to European geographers.

The famous expeditions of our compatriots - Semyon Dezhnev to Siberia and the Far East, Vladimir Atlasov to Kamchatka, Pyotr Chikhachev to Altai, Pyotr Semyonov-Tien-Shansky to the Tien Shan mountains, Nikolai Przhevalsky to Central Asia - filled the gaps on the geographical maps of Asia.

Relief and minerals. The diversity of the relief of Eurasia is explained by the structural features of the earth's crust in different parts of the continent. The ancient platforms: East European, Siberian, Sino-Korean, Indian, African-Arabian correspond to vast stable plains: East European Plain, Central Siberian Plateau, Great Chinese Plain, Deccan Plateau, Arabian Plateau. The areas of new folding correspond to mountain belts: Alpine-Himalayan, including the Pyrenees, Apennines, Alps, Carpathians, Caucasus, Pamir, Himalayas; as well as the Pacific belt of folded mountains (part of the Pacific “Ring of Fire”), stretching along the eastern shores of Eurasia from Kamchatka to the Malay Archipelago. Here, in the Pacific Ocean, there are deep-sea trenches. These are seismically active areas with frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, the most famous of which are: Vesuvius (Apennine Peninsula), Etna (Sicily), Hecla (Iceland). The highest active volcano in Eurasia is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750 m) on the Kamchatka Peninsula, Fuji (Honshu Island), Krakatoa, located on a small island in the Malay Archipelago.

Mountains The Urals, Altai, Tien Shan appeared in the era of ancient folding. At the same time, Altai and Tien Shan underwent new uplifts - rejuvenation of the relief, in contrast to the Ural Mountains, which were greatly destroyed and smoothed.

In the vicinity of the folded mountains in the foothill troughs, a layer of the earth's crust formed lowlands, for example, the Indo-Gangetic (Hindustan Peninsula) and Mesopotamian (Arabian Peninsula).

Minerals Eurasia is extremely diverse, and its reserves are large. Iron ore deposits in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula, on the Hindustan Peninsula and northeast China are associated with igneous rocks. A strip of deposits of such rare metals as tungsten and tin stretches across southern China, the Indochina and Malacca peninsulas, forming the so-called tin-tungsten belt. The mountains of the Alpine-Himalayan belt and the Deccan plateau abound in ores of non-ferrous metals.

Oil and gas The West Siberian Lowland, the coast of the Persian Gulf, the North Sea shelf, the Arabian Peninsula and the Mesopotamian Lowland are exceptionally rich. Coal deposits are also associated with sedimentary rocks, the largest of which are located in the Ruhr and Upper Silesian basins in Western Europe, in the Donets basin in southern Russia, as well as on the Great Chinese Plain and the Indo-Gangetic Lowland.

Place of Birth iron ore associated with metamorphic rocks, such as, for example, the Kursk magnetic anomaly in Russia, as well as with sedimentary rocks (the Lorraine deposit in Western Europe). Bauxite is of sedimentary origin. Their deposits are located along the Alps, south of the Carpathians and on the Indochina Peninsula.

Eurasia is the only continent of the Earth that is located in all climatic zones and in all natural zones (Fig. 26). Its nature is extremely diverse; therefore, several large natural complexes are distinguished on its territory: Northern, Western, Central and Southern Europe; South-West, Central, East and South Asia. The patterns of development of the population and political map are also very different; therefore, we will consider them separately for Europe and Asia.

EURASIA - concept and types. Classification and features of the EURASIA category 2017, 2018.

- EURASIA

NORTH AMERICA West Antarctica, East Antarctica. ANTARCTICA Great Barrier Reef. AUSTRALIA Capes (specify coordinates): Steep Point, South Point, York, Byron. Oceans: Indian, Pacific Seas: Timorese, Arafura,... .

- Eurasia.

North America. South America. Australia. Africa. Seas - Mediterranean, Red. Gulfs – Aden, Guinea. Straits – Gibraltar, Bab el-Mandeb, Mozambique. Peninsula of Somalia. IslandMadagascar. Rivers - Nile, Congo, Orange,... .

- Eurasia.

North America. South America. Australia. Seas - Tasmanovo, Coral. Gulfs – Great Australian, Carpentaria. Straits – Torres, Bassov. Islands – New Guinea, New Zealand, Tasmania. Peninsulas – Arnhem Land, Cape York. Rivers – Moray,...

In tasks 1 – 12, choose one correct answer. 1. Continents of the globe: A) Africa, Europe, America, Australia, Antarctica, Asia. B) South America,

Australia, North America, Eurasia, Antarctica, Africa. B) Europe, Asia, South America, Australia, Antarctica. 2. The first circumnavigation of the world was made by: A) F. Magellan, B) Przhevalsky F.F.

3. The coasts of Africa are washed by the seas: A) the Arctic Ocean B) the Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, Indian oceans C) the Atlantic, Indian, Southern 4. The highest mountain system of South America is: A) the Andes, B) the Himalayas, Pamirs, Tibet B) Rocky Mountains, Coast Range 5. The largest rivers in Africa: A) Missouri, Mackenzie, Yukon. B) Nile, Congo, Niger. B) Volga, Amur, Syr Darya. 6. States of South America: A) Brazil, Argentina, Chile B).USA, Canada, Mexico. B) China, Russia, Kazakhstan. 7. Mountains of North America: A) Andes B) Appalachians

8. Extreme points of Africa: A) Almadi, Ben Seka, Agulhas, Ras Hafun B) York, South-East, South-West, Byron C) Roca, Chelyuskin, Piay, Dezhneva 9. Which ocean is the warmest in terms of surface temperature water? 1) Indian 2) Pacific 3) Atlantic 4) Arctic. 10. Which statement about the United States is false? A) In the east of the country are the Appalachian Mountains. B) The capital of the USA is Washington. C) The westernmost point of North America is located on the territory of the United States - Cape Prince of Wales. D) The United States ranks third in the world in terms of territory size. 11. Which statement is wrong? A) China is the most populous country in the world. B) The coastal part of China is characterized by a monsoon climate. C) The Yangtze River, which flows through China, is the longest river in Eurasia. D) The largest areas in China are occupied by the natural zone of steppes and forest-steppes. 12. Which of the following cities is the capital of Australia? A) Melbourne B) Sydney

II. In tasks 13 – 15, establish a correspondence between the country and its capital. 13. Country

1. Poland

2. Estonia

3. Switzerland

14. Country

1. Georgia

2. Saudi Arabia

3. Mongolia

15. Country

1. Canada

2. Brazil

3. Argentina

III. In tasks 16 – 17, identify the state based on its brief description

16. The state is located in Western Europe. The capital is located on one of the major rivers. The official language is widespread throughout the world due to the colonial past of this state. The symbol of the state capital is a tower built for the World Trade Exhibition.
17. The state is located on the continent of Africa and occupies a coastal position. The territory of the state is washed by the seas that make up two oceans. The seas are connected by a shipping canal.

1) The vast majority of points on the territory of the Russian Federation have:

a) southern latitude and eastern longitude;
b) northern latitude and eastern longitude;
c) northern latitude and western longitude.
2)The extreme northern point of Russia is the cape:
a) Chelyuskin;
b) Outbuildings;
c) Dezhnev.
3) The easternmost point of Russia has a longitude:
a) western;
b) eastern;
c) northern.
4) Russia’s maritime borders, compared to land borders, have the following length:
a) big;
b) equal;
c) less.
5) The presence of three climatic zones on the territory of Russia is explained by the large extent of the country:
a) from north to south;
b) from west to east.
6) The seas of the Arctic Ocean compared to the seas of the Pacific Ocean:
a) deeper;
b) the same in depth;
c) less deep.
7)The terminal ports of the Northern Sea Route are:
a) Murmansk and St. Petersburg;
b) St. Petersburg and Vladivostok;
c) Vladivostok and Murmansk,
8) Time within the same time zone is called:
a) local;
b) waist;
c) maternity leave.
9) The boundaries of time zones are drawn in accordance with: a) parallels;
b) meridians;
c) horizontal.
10) In Russia, the last people to celebrate the New Year are:
a) Anadyr;
b) Magadan;
c) Kaliningrad.
11) There are no points on the territory of Russia that have:
a) northern latitude;
b) southern latitude;
c) western longitude.
12)The extreme eastern point of Russia is:
a) Cape Dezhnev;
b) Ratmanov Island;
c) Cape Chelyuskin.
13) The land borders of Russia compared to the sea borders have the following length:
a) big;
b) the same;
c) less.
14) The presence of climatic regions within climatic zones is explained by the large extent of Russia in the direction:
a) from north to south;
b) from west to east.
15) Salinity of the seas of the Pacific Ocean, compared to the seas of the Arctic Ocean:
a) higher;
b) the same;
c) below.
16) The time of this meridian is called:
a) local;
b) waist;
c) maternity leave.
17) A new day in Russia begins with the time zone:
a) second;
b) eleventh;
c) first.
18) The local time of a point depends on its:
a) geographic latitude;
b) geographic longitude.
19) The Northern Sea Route passes through the seas:
a) Atlantic and Pacific oceans;
b) the Pacific and Arctic oceans;
c) the Arctic and Atlantic oceans.
20) The territory of Russia is washed by as many oceans as the territory:
a) Brazil;
b) Canada;
in Australia.
21. The area of ​​Russia is:
a) 17.1 million km2;
b) 22.4 million km2;
c) 17.8 million km2.
22. Northernmost continental point:
a) Cape Dezhnev;
b) Cape Fligeli;
c) Cape Chelyuskin. 23. Latitude of the extreme eastern point:
a) 170° W. d.;
b) 170° E. d.
24. Russia intersects:
a) with the equator;
b) with the northern tropic;
c) with the Arctic Circle.
25. The longest border between Russia and the state: a) Mongolia;
b) China;
c) Kazakhstan;
d) Ukraine.
26. Which rivers do the Russian border run along:
a) along the Amur;
b) along the Terek;
c) according to Ussuri;
d) along the Kura.
27. With which country does Russia’s border begin on the shores of the Barents Sea:
a) with Finland;
b) with Norway;
c) with Estonia.
28. What part of the territory of Russia is located behind S.P.K.?
a) 1/5 (20%);
b) 1/2 (50%); c) 1/4 (25%).
29. With which countries does Russia only have a maritime border?
a) USA; b) China;
c) Japan; d) Norway.
30. Russia is located:
a) in the northern and western hemispheres;
b) in the northern and eastern hemispheres;
c) in the northern, eastern and western hemispheres;
d) only in the northern hemisphere.
31. The seas washing Russia do not freeze:
a) Chernoe and Kara;
b) Barents and Chernoe;
c) Okhotsk and Japanese.
32. The easternmost point of Russia is located:
a) in the Western Hemisphere;
b) in the eastern hemisphere.
33. The northernmost point of Russia is located:
a) in the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago;
b) in the Spitsbergen archipelago; c) in the Franz Josef Land archipelago.
34. Find a match:
Extreme points of Russia:
a) northern; 1) m. Dezhneva;
b) southern; 2) m. Chelyuskin;
c) western; 3) the city of Bazarzyuzu;
d) eastern; 4) sand spit (Curonian) west of Kaliningrad.
35. Russia has only a maritime border with the states:
a) Norway and Japan;
b) Japan and China;
c) Japan and the USA.
36. In the north, Russia is washed by the seas:
a) Beloe, Barentsevo, Kara;
b) Beringovo, Kara, Laptev;
c) Baltic, Black, White.
37. The largest and deepest sea off the coast of Russia
a) Okhotsk;
b) Barentsevo;
c) Beringovo;
d) Japanese.
38. The shallowest sea on Earth and the smallest sea in Russia
a) Azovskoe;
b) Aral;
c) White;
d) Baltic

No. 1 Choose the correct statements that characterize the continent of Australia. Write down the answer as a sequence of letters in alphabetical order.

a) the continent ranks last in terms of territory among other continents
b) the continent is washed by the waters of two oceans of the Earth
c) the continent has a land connection with Eurasia
d) the island of Tierra del Fuego is located near the shores of the mainland
e) the continent was discovered by Christopher Columbus
f) the main population of the mainland consists of descendants of English settlers
g) the entire continent is occupied by one state

No. 2 Establish a correspondence between a body of water and the part of the continent that it washes.

WATER BODY PART OF THE CONTINENT
1) Pacific Ocean a) northern
2) Indian Ocean b) southern
3) Gulf of Carpentaria c) eastern
4) Great Australian Bight d) western

Goals:

– to form students’ understanding of the geographical location and nature of Antarctica;

– introduce the history of the discovery of Antarctica;

– develop the ability to work with a map and globe;

– cultivate a sense of pride in compatriot travelers who contributed to the discovery of new lands.

Equipment: map of hemispheres; globes; portraits of travelers; drawings, photographs depicting the flora and fauna of Antarctica.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

1. Frontal survey.

– Using a map, tell us about the geographical location of the continent.

– Using the map, tell us about the relief of Australia.

– Why are some Australian rivers shown on the map with broken lines?

- Who discovered Australia?

– What are the names of the huge number of islands near Australia? (Oceania.)

– Name what amazing plants and animals are found in Australia.

2. Graphic dictation.

If the statement is correct, then students put a “+” sign; if the statement is false, then the “–” sign.

1) There are no high mountains in Australia.

2) There are a lot of rivers in Australia.

3) Australia is the driest continent.

4) Australia is the largest continent.

5) The indigenous people of Australia are the natives.

6) Date palms grow in Australia.

7) In Australia you can find the platypus and echidna.

Answers: +; –; +; –; +; –; +.

Students submit their work for checking.

3. Students’ report about the flora and fauna of Australia.

III. Lesson topic message.

- Listen to the riddle. Which continent are we going to today?

I have to swim to that land,

Where do penguins hide their noses?

Because it's terribly cold there.

(Antarctica.)

IV. How the sixth continent of the Earth was discovered.

– Look at the map of the hemispheres and the globe. Find Antarctica.

– What is the geographical position of this continent?

– Label the Earth’s pole on the contour map of Antarctica (p. 52 in the workbook).

– What oceans wash Antarctica?

– Label the contour map with the names of the seas washing the continent.

– What is the climate of this continent?

– This continent is also called the land of cold, snow and silence. The nature of Antarctica is harsh, treacherous, but also beautiful. Snowy plains stretch for many hundreds of kilometers in Antarctica, sometimes interrupted by mountain ridges polished to a shine by snowstorms. There are three ridges in Antarctica named after the legendary musketeers: Athos, Porthos and Aramis. Erebus, the highest volcano in Antarctica, builds amazing “castles” from ice crystals and rocks. Found in Antarctica, on Victoria Land, a salt lake whose water is 11 times saltier than the ocean. This lake freezes only at 50 degrees below zero.

The continental ice is the coldest - 60 degrees below zero. In Greenland, for example, the ice is much warmer: it has a temperature of “only” 28 degrees below zero. The silence of the mainland is sometimes interrupted by the howling of hurricane winds, which sometimes sweep here at speeds of up to 90 m per second, sweeping away everything in its path. Sometimes, due to severe frost, snow “screams” like a person. Birds also call - albatrosses, seagulls and numerous penguins. There are no flying insects here.

– Who discovered the sixth continent and how?

– Read the text on p. 146 textbook.

The teacher supplements the text of the textbook.

(1778–1852), Russian navigator, admiral. In 1803–1806 he took part in the first Russian trip around the world under the leadership of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. In 1819–1921, he repeated a trip around the world on two ships, “Vostok” (commander) and “Mirny” (under the leadership of M.P. Lazarev). Discovered Antarctica on January 28, 1920.

Amundsen Roald (1872–1928), Norwegian traveler, Arctic and Antarctic explorer. He was the first to reach the South Pole in December 1911. In 1918–1920 he sailed along the northern shores of Eurasia. The airship "Norway" flew over the North Pole in 1926. He died in the Barents Sea while trying to find an Italian expedition.

The teacher conducts a discussion on questions.

– On which side of the horizon is the Sun at noon in Antarctica? (In the north.)

– What oceans wash the shores of Antarctica? (Everything except the Arctic Ocean.)

– Which continent is Antarctica closest to? (South America .)

– Why is one of the seas washing Antarctica named after a Russian traveler?

– Why were all expeditions to Antarctica planned for the winter months? (It is summer in Antarctica at this time.)

– How are the Arctic and Antarctica similar and different?

– How is the inanimate nature of Antarctica different? (The presence of icebergs.)

– What observations of seafarers in the southern regions of the oceans told them about the existence of Antarctica? (Icebergs.)

– Each iceberg is a unique product of water, wind, frost and sun. Sailors who encountered icebergs in the ocean say that from afar, in the sun’s rays, they shimmer in different colors. The top of it burns golden-orange, below is a stripe of soft lemon color, and below dark purple tones. Up close, you can see on the iceberg stripes of sand and stones that formed during its long slide along the rocky slopes of the largest plateau on Earth.

– Are icebergs dangerous for sea travelers?

– What is the difference between an iceberg and an ice floe? Draw how you imagine them.

Practical work (task No. 17).

– Investigate the lifting force of an ice floe.

To do this, the teacher froze fresh water in a flat plastic box.

– Place the “ice floe” in “sea” (salt) water poured into a bowl.

– Draw which part of the “iceberg” is above the water and which is under the water.

V. What is the living nature of Antarctica.

– What plants can be found in Antarctica? (Mosses, lichens, algae, several types of flowering plants.)

– What animals can you find here? Look at the illustration on p. 149 textbook.

- Guess the riddle which animal we are about to meet.

This people has

Antarctic fashion:

They wear white shirtfronts

They wear black pants

They wear a very short ponytail

They wear a very long tailcoat.

(Penguin.)

– How did penguins adapt to the harsh conditions of Antarctica?

Emperor, king, and Adelie penguins spend their entire lives in Antarctica. But some penguins have moved to the southern tips of Australia, Africa and South America. Where cold currents invade the tropics, they rise to the equator and appear in the Galapagos Islands.

The most significant feature of their biology is that they cannot fly. Penguins lost the ability to fly a hundred million years ago. On land they move extremely clumsily, but they swim superbly, reaching speeds of up to 40 km/h, and dive tens of meters for food. Having accelerated in the water, like corks, they jump out of the water one and a half to two meters straight onto the ice fast ice.

The body of penguins is covered with thick, waterproof plumage, and subcutaneous fat not only serves as reliable thermal insulation, but also maintains their strength when they remain on land for a long time, far from the sea that feeds them. The fact is that water has become such a familiar habitat for penguins that they simply do not know how to eat on land.

Penguins' legs are short and thick. The four fingers are connected by swimming membranes. The legs are placed far back, which ensures a vertical position of the body on land. The neck is thick, flexible, the beak is strong and sharp. The mouthparts act like a pump, sucking in a stream of water along with small prey.

All penguins have a similar coloration: black back and white belly. It is curious that all species differences are located on their head or neck. This is due to the fact that a slowly swimming penguin does not completely submerge in the water: its head and neck rise above the water. A fast-swimming penguin disappears entirely under water.

On land, penguins move slowly: with each step they have to turn their whole body. But if you need to move quickly, the penguin throws itself on its belly and slides along the ice, raking with its wings and pushing off with its paws. At the same time, he moves faster than a person on skis.

Pre-prepared students continue the teacher's story.

King Penguin - inhabitant of the subantarctic islands. Its dimensions do not exceed one meter. This penguin incubates the egg, placing it on its paws and covering it with its abdominal fold. As a result, there is no need for a nest, territorial disputes are eliminated, and the egg is provided with enough warmth even at forty-degree frosts. This method of incubation is extremely rare and is typical only for emperor and king penguins.

The largest penguin is imperial – so named for its impressive height - 1 m 44 cm and weight from 26 to 42 kg. This is the only bird that never touches open ground and, in the bitter polar night, lays its only egg directly on the Antarctic ice. An emperor penguin egg weighs 400 g.

Adelie Penguin nests along the shores of the Antarctic continent and on nearby islands on hard, snow-free ground. The nest is dug in the form of a hole and lined with stones. 2 eggs are laid. They are incubated by both parents.

The main enemy of penguins is the leopard seal. In coloring and habits, it really resembles a leopard from the cat family.

Leopard seal also a predator. This is the only seal that feeds on warm-blooded animals and even attacks its fellow seals.

The sea robber lies in wait for victims, hiding under the edge of the ice. It sometimes swallows even large prey whole.

At the wandering albatross record wingspan – up to 4.5 m! No other bird has such long wings. The albatross soars over the sea for hours using air currents. Scientists believe that wandering albatrosses circle the globe several times between breeding seasons. Albatrosses are the longest-lived birds and the largest seabirds in the world.

Teacher. Most polar explorers working in Antarctica use dog sleds for transportation. Once, a Japanese expedition was taken out by helicopters, but they could not take out the sled dogs due to stormy winds. Returning polar explorers and the Animal Welfare Society erected a monument to these dogs in Tokyo. On the marble slab was written: “To the fifteen huskies who died of starvation in Antarctica.”

A year later, the next Japanese expedition landed in Antarctica. Two huskies ran merrily towards them, towards the helicopter. The dogs survived in harsh conditions without the help of people. They took refuge from the cold in snow dens and ate penguin eggs.

VI. Lesson summary.

– How are the Arctic and Antarctic similar and different?

– What would the melting of their glaciers lead to?

– Where is it colder – at the North or South Pole?

– Can a penguin and a polar bear meet?

Homework: workbook No. 2 (tasks No. 17, 18 on p. 53); textbook (pp. 146–151).

Lesson 65
Who and when made the first circumnavigations of the world?
travel around the earth

Goals:

– introduce students to the features of the World Ocean;

– to form students’ ideas about the first round-the-world trips around the Earth;

– develop the ability to work with a map;

Equipment: travel maps; hemisphere map; drawings depicting various ships, portraits of great travelers.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Checking homework.

1. Game “Guess the continents”.

– I am the smallest continent with the driest climate, which is entirely in the Southern Hemisphere.

“And I’m in the Southern Hemisphere, but for some reason people are in no hurry to populate me.

– And I am almost entirely between the northern and southern tropics, they call me the hottest continent.

2. Use arrows to indicate on which continents the geographic objects are located.

On the desk:

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4. Frontal survey.

– Who discovered the sixth continent of the Earth?

– What are the dangers of traveling to Antarctica?

– How are icebergs formed?

– Why is Antarctica called the birthplace of icebergs?

– How are the natural conditions of Antarctica and the Arctic similar and different?

– Is Antarctica inhabited? What plants and animals are found there and where?

– Who owns the lands of Antarctica? Do people live there? What are they doing?

5. Working with a map of the hemispheres.

– Name the highest mountains of each continent. The teacher makes a table.

	Maximum altitude in meters
North America
South America
Antarctica
Australia

III. Lesson topic message.

– Listen to the poem by M. Pogarsky.

oceans of the earth

Four oceans sleep

They have salty water,

She won't be able to get drunk.

Pacific Ocean to the east

The strongest and biggest.

Atlantic to the west

With blue it runs like a wave.

Indian Ocean to the south

Occupies the blue corner.

And for the northern sides

Iceman sends his regards.

– What geographical objects does it talk about?

– Oceans are roads for travelers. Today we will find out who and when made the first round-the-world trips around the Earth.

IV. Who and when made the first trips around the Earth.

– Look at the map of the hemispheres and the globe. Name the oceans of the Earth.

– Name the oceans in order of increasing size of their water surface area.

– Find on the map of the hemispheres the Pacific Ocean that washes Russia, and three Russian ports.

– Find islands in different hemispheres of the Earth.

– Indicate the directions of the sides of the horizon at some point in the ocean on the map of the hemispheres.

– Think about why our planet was not called Ocean.

– You can often read that the Earth has appropriated someone else’s name and that it should be called the planet Ocean. Indeed, more than 2/3 of the Earth’s surface is covered with water – the World Ocean. And you have already noted that there is much more blue on the globe than green, yellow, and brown. But this is a superficial view. The entire thickness of the Earth consists mainly of rocks, and only a small part of it consists of water. The average depth of the World Ocean is only 4 km, and the distance to the center of the Earth (its radius) is 6371 km.

The teacher demonstrates the table “Oceans”.

	Maximum depth in meters
Atlantic
Indian
Arctic

– Explain why the unevenness of the earth’s surface (land and oceans) is not important when modeling the sphericity of the Earth.

– Since the scale of the globe is very small, even the highest peaks and deepest trenches will look like irregularities less than a millimeter: Everest (8848 m), for example, on a globe with a diameter of 50 cm will be 0.35 mm high, and the Mariana Trench (11022 m) – on the globe 0.43 mm.

– Using the map of the hemispheres, make a table:

	Number of continents washed
	North America, South America, Antarctica, Australia, Eurasia
Atlantic	North America, South America, Antarctica, Africa, Eurasia
Indian	Antarctica, Australia, Africa, Eurasia
Arctic	Eurasia, North America

– Using a map of the hemispheres, make a table explaining which oceans wash the shores of different continents.

	Number of oceans washing the shores
	Arctic, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian
	Indian, Atlantic, Pacific
North America	Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific
South America	Quiet, Atlantic
Australia	Indian, Quiet
Antarctica	Indian, Pacific, Atlantic

Students read the text on p. 152–153 textbook.

– Who made the first trip around the world?

Physical education minute

V. Generalization of knowledge on the topic.

The teacher talks about great travelers.

Magellan Fernand (Magalhães Fernão) (1480–1521), Portuguese navigator. In 1519, five ships of the Spanish expedition sailed from the coast of Spain, and three years later one of them returned there, making the world's first trip around the world. The route of this unprecedented voyage lay across the Atlantic Ocean along the eastern coast of South America, around the southern tip of the continent, across the entire vast Pacific Ocean to Southeast Asia and further to Europe along the already well-known route of the great Portuguese Vasco da Gama. Magellan, who died on this voyage, opened the era of trips around the world, which finally confirmed the sphericity of the Earth. After Magellan, his feat was repeated by many famous navigators.

– Show the Strait of Magellan on the map.

Drake Francis (1545–1596), English navigator, admiral. He made his second trip around the world in 1577–1580. The strait connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans is named after him.

– Find it on the map.

(1856–1920), American traveler. Tried to reach the North Pole by dog ​​sled.

Nansen Fridtjof (1861–1930), Norwegian oceanographer and Arctic explorer. Explored the island of Greenland, traveling on skis. He sailed along the coast of Asia to the mouth of the Yenisei, and then traveled through Eastern Siberia and the Far East.

(1868–1912), English traveler. Explorer of Antarctica. In 1901–1904 he explored the icy expanses of the mainland. In 1910–1912 he made an attempt to reach the South Pole. In January 1912 he reached it. On the way back he died along with his companions.

Cousteau Jacques-Yves (1910–1997), French oceanographer, underwater explorer. He invented scuba gear and a bathyscaphe - an underwater house, translated from French as “diving saucer”. In 1967–1970 he traveled around the world, conducting oceanographic observations and filming. Actively fought for environmental protection.

Bathyscaphe, bathysphere - from the Greek. bathis – deep, skaphos – vessel, sphaira – ball. The first submersible was built in 1948. This is a self-propelled vehicle with an electric motor that drives propellers. The steel cabin can accommodate 1–3 people. In 1960, the submersible sank to the bottom of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean.

After Magellan, his feat was repeated by many famous navigators, including the Russian Ivan Krusenstern in the 19th century.

Nadezhda's circumnavigation of the world

The first trip around the world in the history of Russia was made at the beginning of the 19th century by the ships Nadezhda and Neva under the command of Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky.

During the expedition they studied the islands of the Pacific Ocean, Sakhalin, Kamchatka. We visited China and Japan.

In addition, Kruzenshtern made very interesting notes that are useful not only to his contemporaries, but also to his descendants. From them we learn a lot of interesting things about the life of Japan at the beginning of the 19th century. An ambassador arrived in Japan on Russian ships to establish diplomatic relations with this country. Rich gifts were brought to the emperor. But despite all the efforts of the Russians, the Japanese did not accept the ambassador and rejected the establishment of relations with Russia.

But here is some interesting information Kruzenshtern wrote down about the way of life of the Japanese: “The clothing of the Japanese consists of a short outer dress, with wide sleeves, and a narrow lower one, up to the heels, which is similar to the clothing of European women, with the difference that at the bottom it is much narrower and for walking is very uncomfortable. The rich differ from the poor in that the former wear clothes made of silk, and the latter - from simple thick fabric. Many have a family coat of arms embroidered on their outer dress, the size of a large coin...

...In winter, the Japanese often wear five or six dresses one on top of the other. Instead of shoes, they wear soles woven from straw, which are held in place by straps placed on the big toe...

The Japanese do not cut or shave their beards, but pull out hairs at a time with tweezers to prevent them from growing too quickly. Every Japanese keeps these tweezers, along with a metal mirror, in their pocket book.”

– Show on the map which areas of the globe were explored by Krusenstern and Lisyansky.

The teacher shows drawings depicting the ships on which Russian sailors sailed: Columbus, Magellan, Bellingshausen, Amundsen, Heyerdahl.

– Compare these ships (strength, material).

– What animal travelers have monuments erected? Explain why. (Camel, dog, horse.)

– What place on Earth is discussed in the excerpt from M. Isakovsky’s poem?

In the gray ocean, in the polar desert,

Far from the native land,

Four comrades lived on an ice floe

At the very top of the Earth.

(North Pole.)

– Who are we talking about?

– We are talking about polar explorers, E.K. Fedorov, who were landed on an ice floe near the North Pole on May 21, 1937 and stayed on it for 272 days.

The teacher invites students to mark on the map the places he is talking about.

· The narrow strait washing South America is named after the greatest Spanish navigator, Ferdinand Magellan. In 1519, his ships sailed from the coast of Spain, and three years later one of them returned, making the world's first trip around the world. The route of this voyage ran across the Atlantic Ocean, along the eastern coast of South America, around the southern tip of the continent, across the Pacific Ocean to Southeast Asia and further around Africa to Europe.

· Thor Heyerdahl (Norwegian traveler and archaeologist) built the Kon-Tiki raft, similar to the ancient ones, and sailed on it 800 km across the Pacific Ocean from Peru (South America) to the Tuamotu Islands.

· Norwegian Rusland conquered Antarctica, walking alone without any help 2829 km from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast in 64 days. He walked 44.2 kilometers a day, dragging a sleigh with luggage behind him. He began his journey on November 15, 1995 and after 35 days (1300 km) he reached the South Pole. Sometimes he used a parachute-like sail, which in the wind helped him move quite quickly.

· In the capital of Norway, Oslo, there is an open-air museum with a collection of seaworthy crafts on which travelers discovered and explored new lands. There are Viking ships “sailing to the shores of North America,” the ship “Fram” on which Roald Amundsen drifted, Thor Heyerdahl’s raft “Kon-Tiki” and others.

VI. Lesson summary.

– Who and when made a round-the-world trip around the Earth?

– How many years did Magellan’s first circumnavigation of the world last?

Homework: workbook No. 2 (task No. 20 on p. 55); textbook (pp. 152–155).

Answers: 2, 4, 3; 7, 10, 8, 9, 6, 5.

Lesson 66
Generalization on the topic “Journey across the oceans”
and continents of the earth"

Goals:

– repeat what you have learned about the geographical location and nature of the continents;

– develop the ability to work with a map;

– develop thinking;

- cultivate cognitive interest.

Equipment: map of hemispheres; task cards; photographs (drawings) depicting plants and animals of various continents.

During the classes

I. Organizational moment.

II. Lesson topic message.

Pre-prepared students read a poem.

world round dance

Poem for the guys

All peoples

For Abyssinians

And the English

For Italian

And for the Russians,

Swedish,

Turkish,

German,

French,

whose homeland is

African coast,

For the Redskins

Both Americas

For the yellow skinned ones,

Which ones to get up

It is necessary when we go to bed

in bed;

For the Eskimos,

What in the cold and snow

They climb into a fur bag

for the night;

For kids

From tropical countries

Where in the trees

Don't eat monkeys;

For the grouse

Dressed and naked -

Those who live

In cities or villages...

Perky people

Let him get his act together

in one round dance.

North of the planet

Let him meet

West with East,

And the children are with each other!

J. Rodari

– Today we will remember our travels across the continents and oceans of our planet.

We will hold a competition for the title “Experts of Great Discoveries.”

The class is divided into two teams.

III. Conducting a competition.

Competition “Questionnaire of our planet”.

Teams receive a card on which they must write down all the data on our planet.

Questionnaire of our planet

1. Name ____ (Earth).

2. Form ______ (spherical).

3. Length of the equator _____ (40,000 km).

4. Distance to the Sun _____ (150,000,000 km).

5. Natural satellite of the Earth _____ (Moon).

6. Who and when was the first to see the Earth from space _____ (Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin, April 12, 1961).

7. Nearby planets _____ (Venus and Mars).

8. Time of revolution around the axis _____ (24 hours).

9. Time of revolution around the Sun _____ (1 year – 365 days and 6 hours).

10. Number of poles _____ (2).

11. Number of continents _____ (6).

13. The largest continent is _____ (Eurasia).

14. The largest ocean is _____ (Quiet).

Competition "Sharp Eye".

Teams receive cards and complete tasks.

Card 1. Write the names of the continents depicted.

Card 2. Write the names of the continents depicted.

For a correct decision, the team receives 3 points.

Competition “Where is my home?”

Teams receive task cards.

– Connect the Eskimo, Arab, Slav with his home. Explain why their clothes and housing are different.

For a correct answer, the team receives 3 points.

Competition "Geographical mysteries".

– Now, having mastered geographical concepts, you can come up with geographical riddles yourself. I start, and you continue:

– The longest river flows from the equator to the north..jpg" width="172" height="31">

– The city is located at the mouth of the Northern Dvina, which flows into the White Sea, which belongs to the Arctic Ocean.