Batalpashinskaya. Batalpashinskaya village (Kuban region) Batalpashinskaya village

There are two categories of travel
One is to set off into the distance,
The other is to sit still,
Flip back through the calendar...
Alexander Tvardovsky, Soviet poet

Centuries flew by like moments. Time has passed, like sand slipping through your fingers. But the memory of descendants remained, unquenchable and ineradicable.

Let us calmly and impartially look into the depths of centuries long gone, and century by century we will trace the multilayered and multifaceted history of our native city to see what our ancestors did, what culture they created over the centuries.

Let us remember, for there is no graver crime than “the oblivion by the descendants of their ancestors,” their culture, their faith, their very life. For naming the names of your ancestors is the same as bringing them back to life...

During the last bicentenary, the name of the city of Cherkessk has constantly changed.

In 1804 (in some sources in 1803) on the Kuban border line, on the right bank of the Kuban, in the place where on September 30, 1790, the army of the Russian general Ivan Ivanovich German defeated the army of the Turkish seraskir Batal Pasha, a military fortification appeared - a Cossack redoubt , called Batalpashinsky.

April 21, 1903- By decree of Emperor Nicholas II, the city of Batalpashinsk was renamed into the village of Batalpashinskaya.

1910- the village residents tried to rename the village of Batalpashinskaya to Germanovskaya, in memory of I. I. German.

1912- there was a repeated attempt to rename Batalpashinskaya to the village of Germanovskaya. The ataman of the Kuban Cossack army supported the Cossacks’ request, but further political events in Russia (world war, revolution, civil war) did not allow justice to be done to restore the name of I. I. German.

February 1918- The 1st Batalpashinsky Departmental Congress of Soviets decided to rename the village of Batalpashinskaya to the village of Makeevskaya, in honor of the deceased revolutionary A.G. Makeev, although in fact the administrative center of the Department continued to be called the same - the village of Batalpashinskaya.

March 25, 1921- the village of Batalpashinskaya was renamed by local authorities to the city of Batalpashinsk.

June 16, 1922- by resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Batalpashinsk was officially renamed into a provincial city of the united Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region. Its status as the administrative center of Karachay-Cherkessia has also been confirmed.

September 15, 1924- the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR confirms the status of the city of Batalpashinsk as a city of the North Caucasus region.

December 2, 1926- after the division of the autonomies of Karachay and Circassia, the city of Batalpashinsk was transformed into a rural settlement - the village of Batalpashinskaya.

This was explained simply - 80 percent of the residents represented the rural population. The resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on this matter was issued on January 10, 1927.

September 20, 1931- by a resolution of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the village of Batalpashinskaya was transformed into the city of Batalpashinsk and approved by the center of the Circassian Autonomous Region.

March 9, 1934- on the basis of a resolution of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the city of Batalpashinsk was transformed into the city of Sulimov, in honor of D. E. Sulimov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

July 16, 1937- The All-Russian Central Executive Committee transformed the city of Sulimov, Ordzhonikidze Territory, into the city of Yezhovo-Cherkessk, in honor of N. I. Yezhov - People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR, General Commissioner of State Security, which in the Red Army was equivalent to the title of Marshal of the USSR.

September 2, 1939- by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the city of Yezhovo-Cherkessk was transformed into the city of Cherkessk, the administrative center of the Cherkessk Autonomous Region. In the city itself, the name was changed somewhere in mid-June 1939. In the newspaper “Red Circassia” No. 134 for June 12, the “city of Ezhovo-Cherkessk” was still listed, in No. 137 for June 16 - already “the city of Cherkessk.” Unfortunately, newspaper numbers 135 and 136 were not preserved in the republican archive.

Table 1. Population of the city of Cherkessk by year

The Batalpashinsky redoubt appeared in 1804 - according to the Christian calendar “from the birth of Christ”, in 2426 - according to the Muslim era “Hijri”, in 5565 - according to the Jewish era from the “creation of the world”, in 7312 - according to the ancient Russian era “from creation” world", in 7313 - according to the Byzantine era, "from the creation of the world."

200 years since the appearance of the Batalpashinsky redoubt (taking into account the difference in days by style) is 50 leap years and 150 ordinary years, which is 73 thousand 37 days or 1,752,888 hours, or 105,173,280 minutes.

During this time (1804–2004), the Russian state was ruled by:

Emperors- Romanov Alexander I Pavlovich (1801–1825), Romanov Nikolai II Pavlovich (1825–1855), Romanov Alexander II Nikolaevich (1855–1881), Romanov Alexander III Alexandrovich (1881–1894) and Romanov Nikolai II Alexandrovich (1894–1917) ;

Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers(since 1903) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers(1905–1906) - Witte Sergey Yulievich;

Chairmen of the Council of Ministers- Goremykin Ivan Logginovich (April-July 1906, 1914–1916), Stolypin Pyotr Arkadevich (1906–1911), Kokovtsev Vladimir Nikolaevich (1911–1914), Sturmer Boris Vladimirovich (January-November 1916), Trepov Alexander Fedorovich (November-December , 1916), and Golitsyn Nikolai Dmitrievich (from December 27, 1916 to February 27, 1917);

Minister-Chairman of the Provisional Government(2 March - 2 May 1917) and First coalition government(May 5-July 2, 1917) - Prince Lvov Georgy Evgenievich;

Minister-Chairman of the Second Coalition Government(July 24-August 26, 1917), Directory (September 1-24, 1917) and Third coalition government(September 25-October 25, 1917) - Alexander Fedorovich Kerensky;

Chairmen of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR- Kamenev Lev Borisovich (November 1917), Sverdlov Yakov Mikhailovich (November 1917-March 1919) and Kalinin Mikhail Ivanovich (1919–1923); Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR- Kalinin M.I. (1923–1937);

Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR- Kalinin M.I. (1938–1946), Shvernik Nikolai Mikhailovich (1946–1953), Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich (1953–1960), Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich (1960–1964), (1977–1982), Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich (1964 –1965); Podgorny Nikolay Viktorovich (1965–1977), Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich (1983–1984), Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich (1984–1985), Gromyko Andrey Andreevich (1985–1988) and Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich (1988–1989);

Chairmen of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR- Gorbachev M.S. (May 1989-March 1990) and Anatoly Ivanovich Lukyanov (1990–1991);

Chairmen of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR- Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin (1991) and Ruslan Imranovich Khasbulatov (1991–1993);

Chairman of the Federation Council- Shumeiko Vladimir Filippovich (1994–1996);

Chairmen of the State Duma- Rybkin Ivan Petrovich (1994-1996), Seleznev Gennady Nikolaevich (1996–2004) and Gryzlov Boris Vyacheslavovich (since 2004);

Presidents of the Russian Federation- Yeltsin B. N. (1991–1999), Putin Vladimir Vladimirovich (2000–2008), Medvedev Dmitry Anatolyevich (since 2008).

Heads of government of the Soviet state: Chairman of the Provisional Government - Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Republic (1917–1918), Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (1918–1923) - Lenin (Ulyanov) Vladimir Ilyich;

Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR- Lenin V.I. (1923–1924), Rykov Alexey Ivanovich (1924–1930), Molotov (Scriabin) Vyacheslav Mikhailovich (1930–1941) and Stalin (Dzhugashvili) Joseph Vissarionovich (1941–1946); Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - Stalin I.V. (1946–1953), Georgy Maximilianovich Malenkov (1953–1955), Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bulganin USSR (1955–1958), Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev (1958–1964); Kosygin Alexey Nikolaevich (1964–1980), Tikhonov Nikolay Alexandrovich (1980–1985) and Ryzhkov Nikolay Ivanovich (1985–1990);

Prime Minister of the USSR - Head of the Cabinet of Ministers- Pavlov Valentin Sergeevich (January-August 1991);

Head of the Committee for Operational Management of the National Economy of the USSR- Silaev Ivan Stepanovich (August-December 1991);

Chairmen of the Council of Labor and Defense- Lenin V.I. (1923–1924), Kamenev L.B. (1924 -1926), Rykov Alexey Ivanovich (1924–1930) and Molotov (Scriabin) V.M. (1930–1937);

General (First) Secretaries: Central Committee of the RCP (b) - Stalin I.V. (1922–1925), Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (b) - Stalin I.V. (1925–1934), (1934–1952, although the position did not officially exist), Central Committee of the CPSU - Stalin I.V. (1952–1953), Khrushchev N.S. (1953–1964), Brezhnev L.I. (1964–1982), Andropov Yu.V. (1982–1984), Chernenko K.U. ( 1984–1985) and Gorbachev M. S. (1985–1991).

During the 200-year existence of Cherkessk, Russia took part in:

in wars with Iran (1804-1813), (1826–1828 ),

With Turkey (1806-1812), (1828–1829 ), (1853–1856 ), (1877–1878 ),

With France (1805), (1806–1807 ), (1811–1813 );

V Caucasian War with the highlanders ( 1804-1864);

in the first world war with Germany, Turkey, England (1914–1918 );

in the civil war ( 1918–1920 );

in providing assistance Spanish Republic (1936–1939 );

at war with Finland (1939–1940 );

V Great Patriotic War With Germany, Japan, Italy, Romania (1941–1945 );

in wars and military conflicts with Japan (1904–1905 ), (1938 ), (1939 ), (1945 );

in providing assistance Korea (1950–1953 ); in the invasion Hungary (1956 );

in providing assistance Vietnam (1965–1974 );

in the invasion Czechoslovakia (1968 );

in border conflicts with China (1969 );

in the war in Afghanistan (1979–1989 );

in the war in Chechnya (1994–1996 ), (1998–2002 ) and in other wars.

Many residents of the city of Cherkessk took an active part in the Soviet five-year plans for the development of the country's national economy, including: in the first five-year plan ( IV quarter 1928–1932), in the second five-year plan ( 1933–1937 ), in the third five-year plan ( 1938-1st half of 1941), in the fourth five-year plan ( 1946–1950 ), in the fifth five-year plan ( 1951–1955 ), in the sixth five-year plan ( 1956–1960 ), in the seventh year ( 1959–1965 ), in the Eighth Five-Year Plan ( 1966–1970 ), in the ninth five-year plan ( 1971–1975 ), in the tenth five-year plan ( 1976–1980 ), in the eleventh five-year plan ( 1981–1985 ) and in the twelfth five-year plan ( 1986–1990 ).

It has been repeatedly stated in the press that the Karachay-Cherkess Republican Archive contains a document (unfortunately, while working in this archive, I never saw it - S.T.), which reads: “The village of Batalpashinskaya was built in 1825 on the Kuban River with cramped courtyards...”. From this date it is customary to count the year of birth of Cherkessk.

Researcher of the Karachay-Cherkess Order "Badge of Honor" of the Institute of Humanitarian Research under the Council of Ministers of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic M.F. Kurakeeva in the mid-90s of the twentieth century published notes in a number of local newspapers in which she indicated that the first settlers, on the instructions of General Ermolov, appeared in the village on September 13-15, 1825 (emphasis added by the author - S.T.). Taking this date as a basis, the administration of the city of Cherkessk, together with the townspeople, began to annually celebrate City Day in the last years of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century. As a rule - in the fall, but on different days. On September 17, 1995, the 170th anniversary of the founding of the city of Cherkessk was celebrated, on September 30, 2000 - the 175th anniversary, on October 22, 2005 - the 180th anniversary.

At the same time, in the book “Russian Chronicle in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic: history, events, people” (2006, Krasnodar, p. 23), Doctor of Historical Sciences M.F. Titorenko (Kurakeeva) indicates a different date: “The Cossacks arrived at their destination (Batalpashinsky redoubt) on the eve of the Feast of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary (October 14) (emphasized by the author - S.T.) and settled in the southern part of the future village with many springs, fresh and clear water, good for health” (referring to GAKK.F. 574; Op.1.D.535. L.44-ob - S. T.). “The northern part, where “the area was the most feverish, and even marsh birds did not live in the surrounding area” (GAKK. F.574. Op.1.D.535.L.45), was occupied by Cossacks who were forcibly resettled from the village of Vorovskolesskaya in the amount of 70 households (KOV.1857. No. 52).

This fact actually happened. But this event did not happen in 1825, but two years later. The last batch of immigrants from the village of Stavropol arrived in Batalpashinskaya just before the holiday of the Intercession. But by this time, one and a half thousand migrants were already living in the village of Batalpashinskaya!

Marina Fedorovna also gives an inaccurate description of the area where the settlers arrived in those days.

Here is what Khatuntsov, a doctor from the Batalpashinsky district, wrote about Batalpashinsk in 1871: “The village is surrounded by gardens from the east, ... they protect the village from persistent winds and snowstorms, ... in the south of the village there are many springs, the water of which is fresh, constantly clear and healthy ... In the north ... the area is the most febrile, in the vicinity of the village even wading birds are not live."

Doesn’t it seem to the reader that this description is similar to the description of M. F. Titorenko, which she unsuccessfully cited as an example.

The fact is that in 1825, in the virgin steppes and forests around Batalpashinskaya, wild goats and saigas still walked quietly in herds, hunting wild boars, bears, foxes and most of all wolves, which caused enormous harm to the herds of settlers, was great entertainment, and the abundance birds, especially quails, little bustards and pheasants, made hunting a favorite pastime of the Cossacks. But during the 45 years of his stay in these places, the man did his dirty deed, after which “even marsh birds do not live in the vicinity of the village...”

In 1976, the author of these lines met local old-timer Fyodor Trofimovich Zabarin (1899–1989), winner of the medals “For Courage”, “For Military Merit”, “For the Defense of the Caucasus”, “For the Capture of Warsaw”, “For the Capture of Berlin” and others. F. Zabarin’s retirement was supported by the staff of the Circassian mechanized forestry enterprise, where he worked as head of the consumer goods department.

F. T. Zabarin grew up and grew old in his adobe house No. 85 on Pervomaiskaya Street. This house is located near secondary school No. 13 in the city of Cherkessk and is still many years old.

Gift deed No. 657, signed by the ataman of the village, cornet Borisenko, judges Tkachev and Sukhorukov, the clerk of the village, police officer Zelensky, and certified by him with an illegible imprint of the village seal, was drawn up on October 4, 1865.

Fyodor Trofimovich’s great-grandfather, Cossack of the 4th brigade Pyotr Ostroukhov, gave this house to his son-in-law, Zabarin’s maternal grandfather, tradesman Ivan Orlov. The latter, on January 6, 1893, inherited the house to his daughter Feodosia, the mother of Fyodor Trofimovich. Paternal grandfather Stepan Zabarin, who fled to the Caucasus from persecution of the owners of coal mines from the Yekaterinoslav province, worked as a laborer for the Batalpashin Cossacks. The same fate befell the children. True, Fyodor’s father was lucky. The owner's daughter Fenya fell in love with him and became his wife.

Zabarin's father, Red Army soldier Trofim Stepanovich, was hanged by the Whites in October 1918 at Masla, during their surprise raid on Batalpashinskaya.

F. T. Zabarin remembered those times when Mostovaya Street, as Pervomaiskaya Street was previously called, was not yet in sight. The house stood on the outskirts of the village, and behind it was a pasture where residents took their livestock and went to pick raspberries and mow tall grass. The Abazinka River flowed nearby, in which in his childhood he caught fish and carried crayfish.

Once, while visiting F.T. Zabarin, I saw an interesting photograph of him. The photograph, measuring 18 by 24 centimeters, captured the government building of the village of Batalpashinskaya.

A sign was very clearly visible on the facade of the board, approximately 3 meters long and 0.7 meters high. At the top of the sign, in the middle, is a double-headed royal eagle, and below, in two lines, is the text: “The board of the Batalpashinskaya village of the Kuban Cossack army, founded in 1825, May 20.”

Working for ChZKhM together with freelance correspondent Anatoly Nikolaevich Godilo, I once told him about Zabarin and photography.

On September 9, 1981, this photograph was published in the regional newspaper “Leninskoye Znamya” (No. 176) in A. Godilo’s article “Through the Prism of Centuries,” dedicated to the history of the formation of the village of Batalpashinskaya.

▲ In the “Chronology of noteworthy events, facts and laws related to the history of the Kuban region and the Kuban Cossack army,” compiled by a full member of the Kuban Static Committee V. S. Shamray, (volume 16, 1911) it is stated that “ On June 2, 1825, the following villages were settled in the Kuban: Barsukovskaya, Nevinnomysskaya, Belomechetskaya, Batalpashinskaya, Suvorovskaya, Bekeshevskaya and Vorovskolesskaya"(hereinafter highlighted – S.T.). ▲ The exhibition of the State Hermitage in St. Petersburg currently includes the military gallery of the Winter Palace. Here are 332 portraits of military leaders of the Russian army - participants in the campaigns of 1812–1814, which began with the invasion of French troops into Russia and ended less than two years later with the victorious entry of Russian troops into Paris. These portraits were painted during 1819–1828 by the English portraitist George Dow and his Russian assistants Alexander Vasilyevich Polyakov and Wilhelm Alexandrovich Golike. The gallery was opened on December 25, 1826 (the day of Napoleon’s expulsion from Russia - S.T.). In the first horizontal row, counting from the bottom, next to the portraits of M. I. Kutuzov and Alexander I, there are portraits (size 70 by 62.5 centimeters) of A. P. Ermolov and G. A. Emmanuel, who were directly related to the creation of the village Batalpashinskaya.
V. M. Glinka and A. V. Pomarnatsky in the book “Military Gallery of the Winter Palace” (L., “Aurora”, 1974, pp. 105-109) under the portrait of A. P. Ermolov placed a detailed biography of the famous general, in which it is reported that “On June 2, 1825, by order of Ermolov, the following villages were settled in the Kuban: Barsukovskaya, Nevinnomysskaya, Belomechetskaya, Batalpashinskaya, Suvorovskaya, Bekeshevskaya and Vorovskolesskaya”
The difference in days between May 20 and June 2 is most likely explained by the publication of dates according to the old and new styles.

The Batalpashinsky redoubt was founded at the confluence of the Ovechka River with the Kuban, that is, approximately 6–7 kilometers from the future center of the village. Consequently, to Intercession (October 14), the relocation of the Cossacks with their families to a bare, clean place, where there was no fortification, no housing for people, no shelter for horses and livestock, no hay, no grain and food to survive the coming cold, snowy winter , was not real.
There is no doubt that the first settlers left their places in early spring in order to arrive at their new place of residence as early as possible in order to prepare for the upcoming winter. It is well known that when a decision was made to build a military post or village on any piece of land, the new settlers occupied it in March-April and set up a camp of ten thousand troops around it. They erected walls, dug deep ditches around it and tried, at all costs, to complete the construction, prepare hay and food by the beginning of autumn.
▲ On June 12, 1997, when Russia celebrated its next Independence Day, at 7:17 a.m., the 1st program of Russian television listed the capitals of the autonomous republics that are part of the Russian Federation, with the dates of their founding. When the turn came to the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, a caption appeared next to its name: “The capital is the city of Cherkessk, founded in 1804.”
Later, this date appeared annually on the TV screen during the celebration of Independence Day.The basis was taken in 1804 - the date of the foundation of the Batalpashinsky redoubt, and not in 1825 - the date of the founding of the village of Batalpashinskaya. And this is natural. The founding date of a settlement is the time of the first appearance of people in this area.
For example, Stavropol became a city in 1785, but on its coat of arms there is the date “1777” - the year the Stavropol fortress was founded by the Cossacks, that is, the date the first people appeared in this place.This date (1803/1804) of the founding of the village of Batalpashinskaya, respectively, the city of Cherkessk, is indicated in many book sources when describing brief historical data of the capital of Karachay-Cherkessia (including those listed below; text printed in bold is highlighted by S.T. .). ▲ The Encyclopedic Dictionary, edited by I. E. Andreevsky (volume III, St. Petersburg, 1891, p. 170), provides the following information about the city: “Batalpashinsk is a city in the Kuban region on the left bank of the Kuban, 50 versts from the Nevinnomyssk station of the Vladikavkaz railway, population 6,100, trade in grain and livestock. In the church fence there is a monument to General Petrusevich, killed in 1881 in Ahal-Tek. The neighboring village, founded in 1803 and renamed a city in 1880, is named in honor of the victory over Batal Pasha. There is quite a significant sawmill in Batalpashinsk.”
▲ The Great Encyclopedia, published in 1903, reports that “Batalpashinsk, Cossack village of the Kuban region, in the upper part of the river. Kuban. The administrative control center of the department is 50 versts from the Vladikavkaz railway line. Near the village (15 versts to the east) there are salt lakes, from which about 60 thousand pounds of Glauber's salt were extracted (1897). Residents: 5866 people. Significant trade in timber rafted from the river. Teberda and Kuban. The city was founded as a Cossack village in 1803.”
▲ “Big Encyclopedia” edited by S. N. Yuzhanov (volume II, St. Petersburg, 1903, p. 666) reports: “Batalpashinsk, Cossack village of the Kuban region, in the upper part of the river. Kuban, at 44 degrees 15 minutes from. w. and 42 degrees 0 minutes at. d. Administrative management center of the department, 50 versts from the Vladikavkaz railway line. Near the village (15 versts to the east) there are salt lakes, from which about 60 thousand pounds of Glauber's salt were extracted (1897). Residents: 5866 people. Significant trade in timber rafted from the river. Teberda and Kuban. The city was founded as a Cossack village in 1803 in memory of the victory of Russian troops in 1789 (actually: in 1790 - S.T.) over the army of Batal Pasha, who raised the uprising of the highlanders in favor of Turkey against Russia.” ▲ “New Encyclopedic Dictionary” edited by K. K. Arsenin (volume V, St. Petersburg, 1912, p. 383), giving information about our city, reports: “Batalpashinskaya village, Kuban region, on the left bank of the river. Kuban. Inhabitants 17569 (1909). Monument to General Petrusevich, the former head of the Batalpashinsky district, killed in 1881 in Akhal-Tek. About 4 versts south of Batalpashinsk, General Herman with a detachment of 3,000 people on September 28, 1789 defeated the large army of Batal Pasha, who was sent with huge reserves of weapons and money to raise the highlanders against Russia. This victory deprived Turkey of influence in the central part of the North Caucasus. The village, founded in 1803, was named in honor of the victory over Batal Pasha. Quite a significant sawmill, for which pine wood is rafted from the river. Teberda, a tributary of the Kuban. Bridge over the Kuban. The Batalpashinsky salt lakes contain twice as much Glauber’s salt (sodium sulfate, Na2 SO4) as table salt (NaCl).” ▲ In the “Cossack Dictionary-Reference Book” (volume I, publishers A. I. Skrylov and G. V. Gubarev, Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 1966, p. 57) it is stated: “BATALPASHINSK (cube) is a city on the right bank of the Kuban; founded in 1803 as a settlement of a linear village and named after Batal Pasha, whose army the Cossacks defeated at this place on September 28, 1790. Since 1880, the Batalpashinskaya village has the status of a city, and the Cossack population is allocated under the control of ordinary village authorities. The total number of residents of Batalpashinsk is about 60 thousand souls (correctly 6 thousand people - S.T.); of which there are 20 thousand Cossacks with yurt land of 40,752 acres. Until 1920, the city served as the administrative center of the Batalpashinsky department, had 2 high schools, 6 lower schools, 3 libraries, 2 hospitals.” ▲ “Encyclopedic Dictionary of Geographical Names” (M, “Soviet Encyclopedia”, 1973, p. 744) gives the following information about the city: “CHERKESSK (until 1931 - the village of Batalpashinskaya, until 1939 - the city of Batalpashinsk) - a city, the center of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region. region, Stavropol Territory of the RSFSR, on the river. Kuban. Railroad station. 67 thousand inhabitants (1970). Factories: refrigeration equipment, low-voltage equipment, rubber products; chemical, food and light industries, production of building materials, drama theater. Museum of Local Lore." ▲ The “Brief Toponymic Dictionary” (V. A. Nikonov, M., “Mysl”, 1966, p. 465) reports that "Cherkessk - city, adm. c. Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region. region In 1803, a Cossack village was founded and named Batalpashinskaya: in this area in 1789, Russian troops defeated the Turkish army commanded by Batal Pasha (one of the rarest cases in toponymy of naming after the vanquished rather than the winner). Possibly Turkish. influence: according to L. Rosonyi, in Turkic languages, for example, a newborn was given a name according to the ethnonym of the people defeated at the time of his birth (L. Rasonyi. Sur quelques categories de persones en turs. “Acta linguistica”, III. Budapest, 1954, No. 3-4, p. 351). Since 1880 - Batalpashinsk. 1930-1937 - Sulimov. Since 1939, the City of Ch., according to the ethnonym of one of the peoples inhabiting this territory. Back in the 6th–5th centuries. BC e. to the north-east The Black Sea coast was inhabited by Kerkets; It is assumed that this name was preserved by the Circassians. An interesting hypothesis is that the Circassians are a genuine form, distorted into Kerkets by the ancient Greeks, whose language had ch (L. I. Lavrov. On the origin of the peoples of the north-west Caucasus. “Collected articles on the history of Kabarda”, issue 3. Nalchik, 1954, p. 202). This excludes the assumption of origin from the Turks. cher “road”, kesmek “to cut off”, i.e. “cutting the road”.
▲ “Geographical Encyclopedic Dictionary” (M., “Soviet Encyclopedia”, 1983, p. 481) states that “CHERKESSK (until 1931 - the village of Batalpashinskaya, in 1931-39 Batalpashinsk), a city, the center of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Okrug, on the river. Kuban. 96 thousand inhabitants (1982). Railroad station. The starting point of the Military-Sukhumi road. Refrigeration engineering plants, NVA, RTI; chemical, light, food industry. Theater. Museum of Local Lore. Founded in 1804 as a military fortification.”
▲ The encyclopedia “Cities of Russia” (M, scientific publishing house “Big Russian Encyclopedia”, 1994, p. 516) contains the following data: “Cherkessk, the capital of Karachay-Cherkessia. Located in the Ciscaucasia, on the right bank of the river. Kuban. The climate is continental. The average temperature in January is 5 degrees Celsius, in July 21 degrees. Precipitation is 550 mm per year. Railway station on the Nevinnomyssk-Dzheguta branch from the Armavir-Baku line. Cherkessk is the starting point of the Military-Sukhumi (automobile) road (built in 1828-78). Population 118.7 thousand people (1992); 8.1 thousand in 1897; 19 thousand in 1926; 28.6 thousand in 1939; 42 thousand in 1959; 67 thousand in 1970; 91 thousand in 1979). Founded in 1804 as a Russian military fortification on the Kuban border line, on the spot where in 1790 Russian troops under the command of General I. I. German defeated the Turkish army of Batal Pasha, who was sent with supplies of weapons and money to raise the highlanders against Russia. The village of Batalpashinskaya was named in honor of the victory over Batal Pasha; was surrounded by an earthen rampart and a ditch. In 1846, an exchange yard was opened there (the main item of exchange with mountaineer cattle breeders was salt), and subsequently a fair trade.
Since 1880, the village of Batalpashinskaya has been the administrative center of the district (since 1886 - department) of the Kuban region. In Batalpashinskaya there was trade in grain and livestock; there was a sawmill. Since 1922 - the center of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region. Since 1931 - the city of Batalpashinsk. In 1934 it was renamed Sulimov, in 1937 - in Ezhovo-Cherkessk, in 1939 - in Cherkessk.
During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–45 it was occupied from August 11, 1942; released on January 17, 1943. In modern Cherkessk: chemical software; factories - refrigeration engineering, rubber products, low-voltage equipment, cement. Institute of Technology. Research Institute of Economics, History, Language and Literature. Drama Theater. Karachay-Cherkess Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve (until 1988 - a local history museum, founded in 1918). The master plan for the development of the city was developed in 1956. Cherkessk is divided into three microdistricts: central, southern, northern. The central one, which includes the most ancient part with the crooked streets of the former Cossack village, is the industrial, transport, administrative, economic and cultural center of the city; the largest public buildings are concentrated here: the House of Soviets (1948, architect K. Yu. Khubiev), the city executive committee, the regional library, the Drama Theater (1982, architect A. A. Kherkhiulidze), the post office, the Kuban Hotel; The microdistrict also includes the territory of the Green Island park in the floodplain of the river. Kuban. The northern microdistrict (developed since 1957) is mainly industrial, the southern one is mainly a place of concentration of individual manor-type houses. Monuments: V. I. Lenin (sculptor Z. M. Vilensky), Hero of the Civil War Y. F. Balakhonov; to the soldiers of the Soviet Army at the Mass Grave.
18 km from Cherkessk are the Batalpashinsky lakes (turned into a reservoir, the so-called Circassian Sea), a place of mass recreation and water sports. To the south of Cherkessk, near the city of Ust-Dzhegut, there are mounds of the Bronze Age (2-3 millennium BC), in which bronze jewelry and ceramics with carved ornaments were found. At the village Krasnogorsky - the ruins of a Russian fortification (a round stone tower with slit-like loopholes) from the period of the Caucasian War (1832).”
▲ In the book “Population of Russian Cities (1897–1992). Directory", publishing house of the Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinsky, on p. 48 it is reported that “foundation of the city of Cherkessk - 1804” ▲ “Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary” (M, scientific publishing house “Big Russian Encyclopedia” and Publishing House “Economic Newspaper”, 1995, p. 769) reports: “CHERKESSK (in 1931-39 – Batalpashinsk), city (since 1931), capital (since 1992) of Karachay-Cherkessia, on the river. Kuban. 118.7 thousand inhabitants. Railway station, mechanical engineering and metalworking (refrigeration equipment, electrical products, etc.); chemical, light, food industry. Historical, cultural and natural museum-reserve. Drama Theater. Founded in 1804."
▲ In the “Big Encyclopedic Dictionary” (2nd ed., Moscow, scientific publishing house “Big Russian Encyclopedia”, St. Petersburg, “Noring”, 1997, p. 1346) several lines are also devoted to the city: “CHERKESSK (until 1939 Batalpashinsk, in 1936-37 - Sulimov), a city (since 1931) in the Russian Federation, the capital of Karachay-Cherkessia, on the river. Kuban. Railroad station. 119 thousand inhabitants (1993). Mechanical engineering (refrigeration equipment, low-voltage equipment), chemical, light, food industries. Institute of Technology. Theater. Museum of Local Lore. Founded in 1803 as a military fortification.”
▲ In the “Small Encyclopedia of Cities” from the series “The Passing Millennium” (Kharkov, “Torsing”, 2000, p. 470), in the last sentence of the text about Cherkessk, consisting of seven lines, it is written: "Founded in 1803 as a military fortification." ▲ In the “Toponymic Dictionary” (E.M. Pospelov, M., AST Publishing House LLC, Astrel Publishing House LLC, 2002, p. 280), containing about 1,500 geographical names of the world, the following information is reported: “Cherkessk, the capital of Karachay-Cherkessia. Founded in 1804 as a military fortification Batalpashinskoe. Named after its location near the place where during the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791. Russian troops in 1790 inflicted a crushing defeat on the 40,000-strong detachment of the Turkish military leader Batal Pasha. Over time, the fortification turned into the village of Batalpashinskaya. After two renamings in Soviet times (Sulimov, Ezhovo-Cherkessk), the city (since 1939) is called Cherkessk - the center of Circassia, a region inhabited by Circassians.” ▲ “Great Soviet Encyclopedia” (2nd ed., volume 47, 1957, p. 151) informs that “CHERKESSK (until 1931 - Batalpashinskaya station, until 1937 - Batalpashinsk) is a city of regional subordination, the center of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region (as part of the Stavropol Territory of the RSFSR). Located on the right bank of the river. Kuban. Railway station (Batalpashinsk) on the Nevinnomyssk - Ust-Dzheguta branch, departing from the Rostov-Baku line. During the years of Soviet power, the village of Batalpashinskaya turned from an administrative and commercial center of the Kuban region into an industrial city. In Cherkessk there is a mechanical repair plant (“Molot”), meat and bakery plants, a butter and cheese factory and an oil mill, furniture, clothing and shoe factories, rope making, cement factories, 15 secondary schools, a music school, a vocational school, a pedagogical and medical school, teacher's institute, 5 libraries, drama theater, 6 clubs, 3 cinemas, local history museum, research institute of history, language and literature. 3 regional newspapers are published: “Soviet Circassia” in Russian, “Cherkesskaya Pezh” (“Cherkesskaya Pravda”) in the Circassian language and “Socialist Circassia” in the Abaza language. There is a regional book publishing house. There are many gardens in Cherkessk, and a park in the city center.”
▲ In the “Encyclopedic Dictionary of the History of Kuban” (Krasnodar, 1997, p. 42) the following is said about the village of Batalpashinskaya: “BATALPASHINSKAYA, a village (now the city of Cherkessk), was founded in 1825 in the upper reaches of the Kuban, on the site of the battle of Russian troops with the Turkish seraskir Batal Pasha (1790), where the Batalpashin fortification was located since 1804.”
▲ Encyclopedia from the “Gold Fund” series “Cities of Russia”, (M., Scientific publishing house “Big Russian Encyclopedia”, 2003) in the right column, on page 516, reports that the city of Cherkessk “Founded in 1804 as a Russian military fortification on the Kuban border line, on the spot where in 1790 Russian troops under the command of General I. I. German defeated the Turkish army of Batal Pasha.”
▲ The redoubt that arose near the site of the battle in 1790 should have rightly been named after the victor, General Herman, and not the defeated Turkish commander Batal Pasha. In this case, all diplomatic etiquette has been surpassed. Can the ancestors of the current Cossacks of Cherkessk be blamed for this? In no case, because they did not know what they were doing, in the literal sense of the word. This showed “discouragement” towards General Herman on the part of the Russian emperors because he was captured by the French during a military campaign in Europe at the end of the 18th century. Before the 1917 revolution, only “Germanovskaya Alley”, located in the military camp of the Khopyorsky Cossack Regiment, reminded of the winner of Batal Pasha. The new village, located next to the redoubt, received from it by “inheritance” its name - Batalpashinskaya, which later passed on to the city.
In total, this name for the village and the city lasted more than a hundred years, and the railway station was called that until 1965. Incredible, but true, this is how the name of the enemy was immortalized - the Turkish seraskir, mercilessly beaten on the banks of the Kuban.
The Russian writer Lev Uspensky expressed his opinion on this matter in the story “Anti-monument”: “It would be understandable if the town near which the battle took place was named in honor of the winner - well, say, Germanopol, or at least simply Germanovka. But no: he was christened Batalpashinsky, since the name of the Turkish military leader who suffered a terrible defeat here was Batal Pasha... An amazing case of politeness, turning, as they say, into mockery. The disgraceful name lasted for more than a century. When Batalpashinsk became Circassian, the shadow of Batal Pasha, metaphorically speaking, probably breathed a sigh of relief.” ▲ Some writers, local historians, and even researchers, in their materials published in periodicals, inform readers that the name of the village was given by Catherine II or her favorite Potemkin.
In the novel-chronicle of the times of Catherine II “The Favorite” (volume II, M., “Panorama”, 1995) the writer Valentin Pikul in action 16 “Thunder of Victory, ring out!” (p. 549) wrote: “Potemkin, having learned about this (that is, about the result of the battle with Batal Pasha - S.T.) ordered: “So that the memory of this victory does not fade among the Russian people, the village in the Kuban should be called Batalpashinskaya.”Stavropol local historian Vyacheslav Nikitin, in the article “The General who Defeated Batal Pasha” (newspaper “Caucasian Territory” No. 21, 1992) states that “Catherine II, in order to humiliate the good memory of even the late general, ordered the resolution on the construction of the redoubt: “Be according to Therefore, call the redoubt Batal-Pashinsky.” In the article “The name of the village of Batalpashinskaya remains a mystery” (newspaper “Caucasian Territory” No. 27, 1992), historian from Baku M. Ibragimova, who, as she states, received “more extensive and interesting information from Azerbaijani orientalists and academicians,” writes that “according to extant “As far as I know, the name comes from the will of the sensual and romantic Empress Catherine II.” Some other authors, including local ones, also write in their works that the Khopyor Cossacks were resettled to the village of Batalpashinskaya by Catherine II.
Now let’s compare the following dates: Batalpashinsky redoubt was founded in 1804, the village - in 1825. Potemkin died in 1791, and Catherine II in 1796. Could the empress resettle the Cossacks and give the name of the village 29 years after her death, and the prince - 34 years later? Of course not. And further. Catherine II could not “humiliate the good memory of the late general” in any way; on the contrary, during her lifetime he was held in high esteem. The capture of Herman and his disgrace by the French occurred five years after the death of the empress.
The redoubt, and later the village, was built by the Cossacks of the 2nd Khopyor Regiment, and not the 1st Khopyor Regiment, which took part in the battle with the Janissaries of Batal Pasha. They would probably still name it in honor of Herman. But by this time the general was no longer alive, and his surname evoked negative emotions in the emperor.
The Cossacks of the 2nd Khopyor Regiment were not bound by such an “obligation”, but they remembered that the Cossacks beat Batal Pasha at this place. On the other hand, the Cossacks loved to take something “sort of” into their names. Well, for example - Naurskaya, Temirgoevskaya, Tenginskaya, Temryukskaya, Essentukiskaya. After all, just give free rein to the Cossack - he will come up with: Stubborn, Reliable, Barrier, Sentry, Passing, Abundant, Otradnaya... And turns the redoubt into a Redant, a picket into a Bicket, a retrenchment into a Strizhament.
▲ In the 40-60s of the 19th century, many Cossacks moved from Batalpashinskaya to various villages based in Laba, Belaya, Sunzha and other places. Thus, 23 families moved from Batalpashinskaya to the village of Kabardinskaya, founded in 1864 in the Trans-Kuban region.
▲ The report on the state of the village of Batalpashinskaya KKV for 1865 stated: “population by 1865 in Art. Batalpashinskaya consisted of souls: the Cossack class - 3143 people; non-residents of various ranks - 186, total - 3359 people. During the year, 125 people were born; of these, the Cossack class - 108; non-residents – 17; 190 people died, of which 147 were Cossacks, 43 were from other cities.
Religion - the following data are presented: Orthodox confession - 3226 people; Raskolnikov – 9; Gentiles – 59.
Military composition: Art. Batalpashinskaya is obliged to protect all its surroundings from predatory or enemy attacks. It sends full force of Cossacks to field service and keeps the Cossacks on preferential terms in readiness, and also has 10 merchant Cossacks.Public health: in continuation of 1865 between residents of Art. Batalpashinskaya there were no widespread diseases. Smallpox is vaccinated in infants.
Morality: folk morality in Art. Batalpashinskaya is good. Cossacks are distinguished by their zeal for faith and loyal devotion to the throne and the Fatherland.
There are no private crimes, such as suicides, murders - 1, theft, burglaries, arson, foundlings, drownings - no. By 1865, the village residents had: horses - 1218, cattle - 5758, sheep - 6485 heads.
Beekeeping: hives with bees - 2500, wax - 15 poods. There is a mulberry garden, where in 1865 there were 2,270 trees. During the existence of the tax farming system, i.e. Before 1863, there were 2 drinking establishments; after that, in 1863, there were 15 establishments, with the number of households being 342, and the number of souls of both sexes being 3217 people. In 1865, there were 22 drinking establishments, the number of courtyards was 323.Trade. In general, the merchant Cossacks in 1865 consisted of 10 individuals. From them the troops received 600 silver rubles as income for the right to trade. The main items of trade in the village are red iron and leather goods, bread, cattle, lard and leather. In total, goods worth 4,500 rubles were sold in a year. Goods worth 124,900 rubles were brought to the village from different provinces.”
▲ In the file of the Batalpashinsky village administration for 1865, there is the following information about the village structure: “The village administration is one, the regimental school is one, the guardhouse is one, drinking establishments are twenty-three, there are no hospitals, hospitals, pharmacies...”
▲ The table on agriculture and beekeeping in the village of Batalpashinskaya on January 1, 1866 says: “In general, in Art. Batalpashinskaya sown winter grain - 1850 quarters; spring - 2200 quarters; winter crops collected - 7400, spring crops - 8800; 170 quarters of buckwheat were sown, 680 were harvested; barley sown - 200 quarters, harvested - 800; potatoes sown - 400 quarters, harvested - 1600; flax sown - 120 quarters, harvested - 420; peas sown - 30 quarters, harvested - 90 quarters. Hay was cut for military residents - 362,400 poods, straw received from residents was 90,600 poods, bees (hives) or stocks were kept - 2,500. Honey was extracted - 500 poods, wax was extracted - 15 poods. Residents of the village, although they are engaged in sowing garden vegetables, do so in very small quantities and strictly for their own household needs.”
▲ In the 70s of the 19th century, Batalpashinsk became the center of the district of the same name (later a department) of the Kuban region. Its further economic development was facilitated by the opening of traffic on the Rostov-Vladikavkaz railway in 1875. The railway did not reach the city, so a special van carried passengers to the Nevinnomysskaya station from Batalpashinsk.▲ In 1870, the number of male Cossacks living in the city of Batalpashinsk was: under the age of 14 years - 838, from 14 to 41 years old - 443, over 41 years old - 387.

▲ In 1878, a large harvest of bread, herbs and fruits was harvested in Batalpashinsk and in the Batalpashinsky district.

In the same year, “an abundance of fires, frequent theft and an increase in the cost of living products after the war” were registered. 900 dessiatines of land were allocated from the yurt land of Batalpashinsk: 300 dessiatines each to provide for women's and men's schools and the parish church.

▲ In 1879, the residents of Batalpashinsk owned 1,500 horses, 5,000 heads of cattle, 6,400 sheep and goats, 600 pigs, and on average, according to statistical data, the farm of a rich Cossack had more than three heads of horses, 25–30 heads of cattle, up to a hundred sheep and goats, 5–6 pigs. The poor man's household included a horse, at least three pigs, more than 10 heads of cattle, and about 30 sheep.

▲ In 1884, Batalpashinskaya had 47,914 acres of land in use, there were 757 households (1,219 houses), in which lived 1,691 men and 1,686 women (Cossacks), 669 men and 651 women from other cities who had settled life, and 623 men and 546 women , who did not have a settled life. In the city of Batalpashinsk there were 14 mills, 8 forges, 45 trading shops and two educational institutions. Residents of the city, and there were then 5866 people, had 1400 horses, 1100 oxen, 4300 cows and 10800 sheep in their personal farmsteads.

▲ In the “Collection of materials for describing the localities and tribes of the Caucasus”, from this (issue 8, publication of the Caucasian Directorate of the Educational District, 1889, p. 182) some statistical data about our city as of 1887 is given: “BATALPASHINSK* is located on on the right bank of the Kuban River, 25 versts above the confluence of Maly Zelenchuk. As the administrative center of Batalpashinsky district, it offers many amenities that have attracted a large population here. Currently, the population here is 7,473 people: 3,867 men and 3,606 women; including Russians: 3780 men and 3497 women; Armenians – 62 men and 82 women, other nationalities: 25 men and 27 women.”

▲ The “Collection of Information about the Caucasus” lists: post office, shops with red goods - 12, groceries - 5, haberdashery - 31, drinking establishments - 4, mills - 14. Markets on Sundays; There are two fairs: Easter and October 17.
▲ Among the local population, the most common name was “Pashinka”. As was common in those days, Batalpashinsk also had unofficial zoning - “Pokrovka”, “Masly”, “Vorobyovka”, “Suchya”. Batalpashinsk also included farmsteads. As of 1889, there were 385 households in the city itself, in the Darkin farmstead - 13 households, in the Zhukov farmstead - 15, in the Bulavin farmstead - 16, in the Pogorelovsky farmstead - 13, in the Prichtovoy farmstead - 6, in the Chernyshev farmstead - 17, in the Isaev farmstead - 2, Valuysky farmstead – 28, Larionov farmstead – 1, Kramarovsky farmstead – 18, Kudersky farmstead – 7, Sokolovsky farmstead – 9, Gandaburovsky farmstead – 15.
▲ In 1890, 1626 indigenous Cossacks and 1613 Cossack women, 1430 men and 1248 women who had settled life, 467 men and 376 women who did not have settled life lived in Batalpashinsk. The number of students in the city was 261 people. The city had 1,127 courtyards and 1,288 residential buildings, 29 Cossack officer stations, and one church. The total number of tithes, convenient and inconvenient land allocated for the general use of residents, was 40,752. The city included 16 farms, 8 water mills and 5 colonies. Residents used 1.6 thousand horses and foals, 3.1 thousand pairs of working bulls, 6.5 thousand heads of horse-drawn cattle (bulls, cows, calves), 12.5 thousand simple and fine-wool sheep. In the city there were 34 trade shops and shops, 12 drinking establishments and dukhans, one tavern and one inn, 32 small enterprises and 2 schools. The average income of one family was 40 rubles, and the debt was 2 rubles, the cost of equipping one Cossack for service was 120 rubles.▲ In 1894, 4,465 Cossacks and 5,621 nonresidents lived in the city of Batalpashinsk.

▲ The encyclopedic dictionary “Russia” (publishers F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron, Leipzig, St. Petersburg, 1898, p. 116) reports that in Batalpashinsk, the administrative center of the Batalpashinsky department, 8,100 people lived in 1897, in fact – 11473 people.
▲ On January 28, 1897, for the first time in the history of Russia, a general population census was carried out, covering the entire territory of the empire, except for Finland. The enumerators recorded the landlords' answers to 14 questions. The census results were published in 119 volumes. Volume No. 65 contains the results of the census for the Kuban region, where there is data about Batalpashinsk.
The total population in Batalpashinsk was 11,473 (100%) people, including 5,817 men, 5,656 women; of these, the local population - 7912 (69%), those who arrived from the Department - 231 (2%), those who arrived from the provinces of Russia - 3312 (28.9%), those who arrived from other states - 18 (0.1). The composition of the newcomer population is 3561 people, including from European Russia - 2769 (77.76%), including men - 1463 (52.83%), women - 1306 (47.17%). Of these, there were 10.5 thousand Russians, 0.5 thousand Ukrainians, 0.2 thousand Armenians, 0.3 thousand others. 84 people (2.56% of the total) represented the clergy with 185 family members.
Composition of the population of Batalpashinsk by age groups: from 10 to 19 years – men 1219, women 1186; from 20 to 29 years old – 888 men, 872 women; from 30 to 39 years old – 703 men, 708 women; from 40 to 49 years old – 548 men, 517 women; from 50 to 59 years old – 364 men, 319 women; from 60 to 69 years old – 196 men, 203 women.
▲ In 1897, there were two churches in the city - Orthodox and Armenian-Gregorian, a two-class men's school and a one-class women's school, a post office, 12 shops with red goods, 5 groceries and 31 haberdashery shops, 14 mills, 4 drinking establishments. On Sundays, bazaars were held in Batalpashinsk, which attracted Cossacks, peasants and mountaineers from all over the department. In addition, fairs were held there twice a year, on Easter and October 17 (old style).

Table 2. Composition of the population of the city of Batalpashinsk in 1897 by occupation

▲ At the beginning of the 20th century, Batalpashinskaya was the largest economic and cultural center in the Upper Kuban and was one of the largest Kuban villages. In 1901, the cathedral was consecrated in the central square, and three thousand seedlings of various trees were planted around it.In 1914, 8,019 Cossacks lived in 2,250 households in Batalpashinskaya. The village housed: the board of the Batalpashinsky department, a credit partnership, a printing house, a power plant, a potash factory, a brewery, a brick factory, two sawmills and four tanneries, four grain dumps, two warehouses for agricultural implements, four roller mills and one steam mill. There was a military hospital, a pharmacy, three pharmacy stores, about 60 people were engaged in various trades.
▲ In 1903, 246 people were kept in the Batalpashinsky military prison, including: personal nobles - 2, burghers - 11, peasants - 66, Cossacks from the Kuban Cossack army - 40, highlanders of the Kuban region - 125, other classes - 2. Of the eight prisons in the Kuban region, which housed 5,641 people, the Batalpashinsky prison housed the fewest prisoners
▲ In 1914, in Batalpashinskaya, for 8019 indigenous residents (3865 men and 4154 women), there were 10775 nonresidents, that is, there were already significantly more nonresidents than Cossacks. For example, non-residents - settled people - 7232 people, including 3587 men, temporary residents - 3543 people, including 1835 men. The area of the village was 42024 dessiatinas. The area of sowing plots is 2357, plowing is 17,250, haymaking is 6,000, grazing is 7,870, forests, gardens and shrubs are 6,200 dessiatines. The area of other various lands was 4,704 acres.
▲ On the eve of the October Revolution of 1917, only about 20 highlander families lived in Batalpashinskaya.
▲ The “Bulletin of Statistics of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region” (No. 1, 1923) states that “Batalpashinsk became a regional city of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region not due to favorable geographical conditions, but due to some of its amenities. There is nothing typical for the city in it: there are no highly raised factory chimneys, there weren’t, and there are no huge shops with mirrored glass. This is a village with cattle yards, barns and gardens. According to the 1920 census, 13,115 residents were registered there, and according to the city All-Russian Census of 1923, 18,145 people were registered. At one time, district (departmental) institutions were concentrated here, now regional institutions have appeared, and all of them, according to the stanitsa, are located around the church square. Within 5...10 minutes, all institutions can be bypassed. Most likely, Batalpashinsk became the central city of the region solely due to the presence of several buildings suitable for regional institutions.”
▲ In 1922, 425 employees worked in Batalpashinsk, including 158 women, and in 1923, 651 and 129, respectively.
▲ Comparative number of employees of the city of Batalpashinsk (the first figure is the number of employees, the second and third are the actual number of employees in 1922 and 1923): military commissariat (22; 0; 22); state bank (8; 0; 6); health department (101; 55; 101); land department (64; 35; 30); communal services (0; 14; 42); narsvyaz (19; 30; 19); Department of Education (19; 18; 14); regional court (162; 25; 59); revolutionary tribunal (0; 18; 0); labor department (8; 12; 8); Department of Management (299; 32; 188); criminal investigation (0; 11; 0); prosecutor's office (48; 0; 23); Rabkrin (6; 5; 6); social security (9; 23; 6); Soviet of Trade Unions (18; 0; 17); statistics bureau (60; 20; 15); financial department (75; 45; 71); Mestprom management (30; 11; 30); food committee (0; 46; 0); procurement office (0; 25; 0). TOTAL: (948; 425; 651).
▲ On January 6, 1925, at the Batalpashinsky Theater named after Lunacharsky, the city’s first “Octobrins” took place for the newborns of Kolbasin and Kotlyarov, who were named Vladimir in honor of V.I. Lenin.
In those years, children were also given names such as Vladlen (abbreviation: Vladimir Lenin), Lenina, Stalina, Oktyabrina, Kim (Communist Youth International).
▲ In 1926, about 15 thousand residents of the village were engaged in agriculture, which accounted for 81% of the total number of residents. The village of Batalpashinskaya, together with farmsteads, accounted for 50 hectares of land, including estates - 7.24%, arable land - 59.94%, haymaking - 3.52%, pasture - 13.62%, forests and shrubs - 10, 68 %. 5% of unused land was considered inconvenient.
▲ In 1928, 234 civil marriages were registered in the village of Batalpashinskaya, during which time 784 people were born (441 men, 343 women) and 409 died (210 men, 199 women).
▲ At the beginning of 1930, the village of Batalpashinskaya, together with the villages of Balakhonovsky, Nikolaevsky and Ovechka, became part of the Batalpashinsky Village Council, which owned 32.8 thousand hectares of arable land (together with the individual sector), the sowing plan was 25 thousand hectares, including on collective farms 1 .06 thousand hectares, in institutions - 200 hectares. The plan for preparing clean early Kherson and fallows for sowing winter crops in 1929/30 is 3 thousand hectares, the grain procurement plan is 20 thousand poods.
▲ As of March 15, 1930, the population of Batalpashinskaya had in their farmsteads: horses - 2162, working oxen - 347 and non-working oxen - 87, cows - 1252, heifers (over 2 years old) - 181, bulls (from 1 to 2 years ) – 411, sheep and goats – 868, pigs – 188, gilts (from 4 months to a year) – 213.
▲ The newspaper “Red Circassia” (No. 152 dated November 7, 1936) reported that “in the city of Sulimovo from 1926 to 1936 the population increased from 20,084 to 23,000 people, and in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - from 66,057 to 77,324 people.”
▲ Almost two-thirds of the population of the former Soviet Union lived in cities. But cities differ sharply in their size and in the number of inhabitants who live in them. According to accepted criteria, cities are divided into the following categories: small cities (less than 20 thousand people), medium cities (from 20 to 100 thousand inhabitants), large cities (from 100 to 500 thousand people).
In the 19th century in Russia, 102 more cities were added to the 508 existing cities. These included Batalpashinsk.
In 1910, on the territory of the Russian Empire (excluding Finland, Poland and the Kara region) there were 755 cities (77 provincial, 541 district, 157 provincial and 86 settlements, towns and settlements). But Batalpashinsk was no longer one of them, as it again became a village.
By the beginning of 1966, Cherkessk was one of 1,832 cities in the USSR (of which 652, including Cherkessk, arose before the 1917 revolution). At the beginning of 1977, there were 2,040 cities and 3,784 urban-type settlements in the USSR with a total population of 159.6 million inhabitants - 62% of the country's total population.
▲ On February 7, 1957, by the decision of the Stavropol Regional Executive Committee, one village Council and five village Councils were transferred to the subordination of the Circassian City Council: Caucasian Village (it included farm villages No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and No. 4 of the Caucasian state farm), Caucasian Village (“Zhivkontora”, “Zagotskot”, “Sulfat” plant, meat processing plant, farm village No. 4 of the Essentuksky state farm, farm villages No. 5, No. 6 and the central estate of the Kavkazsky state farm, Kuibyshevsky rural (Ilyichevsky, Oktyabrsky, Prigorodny farms, Sychevsky and named after Chapaev), Nikolaevsky rural (farms Bocharovsky, Valuysky, Darkina, Crimea, Nikolaevsky, Nekrasovsky, Privolny, Pristan and “Collective farmers of the city of Cherkessk”), Psyzhsky rural (brick and tile plant, Psyzh MTS, railway crossing "Psyzh", Kara-Pago and Psyzh villages, Druzhba, Kubansky, Novo-Georgievsky and Sadovyi farms), Kholodnorodnikovsky rural (MTS estate, Alenovsky, Bulavinsky, Gandraburovsky, Golubenovsky, Ilyich, Isaevsky, Kravtsovsky, Kramorovsky, Kosyakinsky, Kucherovsky, Morozovsky farms, “Plodosovkhoz” ", Pogorelovsky, Popovsky, Pritulinsky. Ukleinsky and Cold spring).
On January 18, 1958, the Oktyabrsky Village Council (farm villages No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4 and No. 5 of the Oktyabrsky state farm) was transferred to the subordination of the Circassian City Council), on July 26, 1965 - the Udarnensky settlement (Udarny village), on April 9 1982 – Yubileiny settlement (Severny and Yubileiny settlements).
▲ On January 15, 1959, in Cherkessk, based on population census data, the number of living citizens was 41 thousand 709 people. In terms of population, it ranked fifth in the Stavropol Territory after Stavropol (141,023), Kislovodsk (79,097), Pyatigorsk (69,617) and Essentuki (48,101).
▲ In 1959, 13,185 workers and employees worked in Cherkessk. In the same year, city residents kept 3.6 thousand heads of cattle and 3 thousand pigs (in 1940, 2.8 thousand heads of cattle and pigs each).
▲ In 1966, 560 boys and 482 girls were born in Cherkessk. There are almost 200 more babies than in 1965. The most fashionable names in the city were Alexander, Andrey, Vladimir, Sergey, Alyonka, Irina, Natasha, Marina.
▲ In 1967, 57 thousand workers and employees were engaged in labor activity in Cherkessk. They were distributed by sectors of the national economy as follows: 38.6% worked in industry; 22.2% - in construction; 10.8% – in transport; 3.2% – in trade; 6.4% – in educational organizations; 5% - in healthcare.
▲ On March 4, 1984, on the day of elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, at 9:55 a.m. an event occurred in Cherkessk, the social significance of which cannot be overestimated. At that moment, the 100,000th resident was born in the regional center - Irochka Zababurina (height 50 centimeters, weight 3200 grams). Cherkessk matured overnight and, having become a higher rank, confidently stood in line with those cities with a population of one hundred thousand, the number of which in the world, as stated by the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, was a little more than 2000.
Mother - Tatyana Vladimirovna, head of the section of store No. 14 of the city industry and trade department, father - Alexander Vladimirovich (this is his second family marriage), driver (later inspector) of the traffic police. In the Zababurin family, Irochka is the second daughter.
Chairman of the Circassian City Executive Committee Viktor Ivanovich Filippov and head of the registry office Alla Viktorovna Zhukovskaya came to the city maternity hospital to congratulate the happy mother. They presented Tatyana Vladimirovna with a welcome address, her daughter’s birth certificate number ZG 462044, on the basis of which Irina Aleksandrovna Zababurina acquired citizenship rights, and a symbolic key to the apartment. By decision of the Circassian City Executive Committee, the Zababurin family was allocated a three-room apartment.
On October 13, 1996, the Zababurin family moved to a new place of residence - to the village of Pavlovskaya, Krasnodar Territory, where they still live. After graduating from school, Ira became a student at the economics department of one of the universities in Rostov-on-Don.
▲ In 1985, 102 thousand citizens, representing 60 nationalities of the USSR, had at their disposal more than 1305 million square meters of living space; 37 kindergartens and nurseries, which received about 9,000 of the youngest citizens every day; 17 schools, 5 vocational schools, 4 secondary specialized educational institutions and a branch of the Stavropol Polytechnic Institute, in which more than 22 thousand people studied; more than 250 passenger buses that could simultaneously transport about 7 thousand passengers; more than 140 food, manufactured goods, vegetable and cooperative stores and stalls, more than 120 public catering establishments, the annual turnover of which was almost 133 million rubles; 30 industrial enterprises that annually produced 65 percent of the marketable products produced in the region, worth almost 540 million rubles. Cherkessk also accounted for a fourth of the capital investments in the national economy of Karachay-Cherkessia - more than 50 million rubles, which were absorbed by 28 construction organizations.
▲ In 1971, the area of Cherkessk was 67 sq. km. 68.8 thousand people lived on it.
▲ In the 1970s and 80s, the most popular Russian names among newborns in Cherkessk were Anna, Anastasia, Ekaterina, Elena and Natalya. They were followed in popularity by Yulia, Marina, Christina, Victoria, Irina, Tatyana, Daria, Valeria. At the end of the list are Alla, Yana, Angela. The rarest ones were Raisa, Alisa, Ksenia, Seraphima, Angelica, Lolita, Margarita. Interest in the classic triangle of names Vera, Nadezhda, Lyubov, Sophia has been completely lost. Male names were distributed accordingly: Alexander, Sergey, Andrey, Ivan, Nikolay, Alexey, Roman, Yuri, Maxim, Vitaly, Vasily, Victor, Vyacheslav, Denis. The rarest names were Yakov, Svyatoslav, Boris, Eldar, Anatoly, Yaroslav, Gregory.

Table 3. Demographic situation in Cherkessk in 1970-1985

▲ The most popular name among 1,627 children born in Cherkessk in 1992 was Alexander.In the line of popular names were Dasha, Katya, Anastasia, Masha, Nastya, Dima, Snezhana, Diana, Albina, Madina, Ruslana. The names Fatima, Aishat, Asiyat, Bela, Aslan, Aza-mat often attracted attention. The names Beslan, Ibrahim, Alibek, Christina, Vadim, Albert, Elizaveta, Aida, Rem, Batal, Arthur began to appear rarely. The names Shamil, Daniil, Ilya, Yaroslav, Timur, Aslan-Geri, Din-Islam began to gain popularity.
Once the names Emil, Tengiz, Egiz, Ansar, Edgar, Ferida, Cornelia, Ilaria, Izaura, Romana, Rotibor saw the light of day. Such names as Arslan, Makhti, Elbrus, Magomed, Zurida, Sabina, Angela, Peter, Nikolai have never been registered. For the first time in the last 9 years, Alicia was born, and in the last two, Alisa.

Table 4. Population composition of the city of Cherkessk by nationality in 1959-2002

▲ In 1989, 65,086 people worked in Cherkessk, including 42,106 workers and 31,131 women. Of these, 27,097, 21,013 and 12,646 worked in industry, respectively, in construction – 5,721, 4,541 and 1,281, in transport – 5,088, 4,823 and 875, in trade and catering – 4,355, 2,636 and 3,468, in housing and communal services. economy and consumer services - 3118, 2036 and 1489, in the administrative apparatus (directorates, departments) - 2717, 882 and 1,859.

▲ In 1989, according to the All-Union Population Census, out of 297 cities of the USSR with a population of one hundred thousand or more people, Cherkessk with the cities of Novo-Kuibyshevsky and Krasny Luch shared 254...256 places in this list.
▲ In 1989, 30,082 families lived in Cherkessk, including 8,926 of two people, 8,137 of three, 8,417 of four, 3,054 of five, 1,001 of six, 336 of seven, 110 of eight, out of nine – 52 families. There were only 49 families with 10 or more people in the city. The total number of people in them was 544. The average family composition in the city was 3.4 people. Of the 112,307 residents living in the city, 101,451 lived with their family, 4,496 lived separately from the family (2,926 men, 1,570 women), 6,360 lived alone (1,875 men, 4,485 women).
▲ In 1989, in Cherkessk there were 15,920 pensioners and persons receiving monthly state benefits, of which 565 were students, 2,885 scholarship holders and 34,213 dependents, including 17,534 students.
▲ In February 1989, there were 351 lonely elderly, helpless old people and disabled people living in Cherkessk (499 in the region), who were served by three sisters of mercy. In October 1990, at the very beginning of Pervomaiskaya Street, near the railway, the Elbrus cooperative founded a residential building for single disabled people, designed to accommodate 50 people.
▲ As of August 1990, the area of Cherkessk was more than 90 sq. km.
▲ In 1990, Cherkessk, together with Velikiye Luki, Zagorsk (now Sergiev Posad), Liepaja and Tartu - cities of the USSR, whose population also amounted to 115 thousand people, shared 248...252 places in the list of cities of the country of the Soviets. That year, 1,526 people were born in Cherkessk, deaths occurred in public utilities and consumer services - 3,118, 2,036 and 1,489, in the administrative apparatus (administrations, departments) - 2,717, 882 and 1,859.
In the city there were 41 industrial enterprises, 50 construction departments, organizations, industrial complexes and sites, 20 enterprises and organizations of the agro-industrial complex, 24 enterprises and organizations of transport and railways, 15 organizations (laboratories, bureaus, design and research institutes) of science, 24 trade organizations, 12 art organizations, 24 party and public organizations, 26 healthcare, physical education and social welfare institutions, 12 kindergartens, 16 secondary schools, a school for working youth, a special school, a regional boarding school, a pedagogical college, a technical school, a trade and culinary school, school of culture and arts, three state technical schools (No. 17, 30, 34), secondary technical school No. 22, two children's youth sports schools, three music schools, an art school, regional scientific library, regional children's library, four city libraries, three stations: young naturalists , young technicians and young tourists, three city cultural centers.
In the city there were 8 pharmacies (No. 75, 162, 169, 236, 246, 267, 294) and the Optika store, savings bank No. 865 and 12 of its branches - savings banks No. 011, 020, 042, 045, 048, 050 , 052, 053, 057, 058, 059, 060.
▲ In 1991 in Cherkessk the number of family marriages was 975, divorces - 590, in 1996, respectively, 687 and 516.
▲ In 1992, 31 municipal consumer service enterprises operated in Cherkessk, the total volume of sales of household services amounted to 48.2 million rubles. The volume of services per resident amounted to 404 rubles. Private enterprises operated in Cherkessk, the names of which included the Russian and national names of 69 women.
▲ In 1993, 40 industrial enterprises operated in Cherkessk, employing 19,768 people, 61 construction organizations (5,189 people), 18 agricultural organizations (981 people), 12 scientific and scientific service institutions (950 people), 25 transport enterprises (4,379 people), 17 logistics organizations (1194 people), 18 housing and communal services enterprises (2059 people), 26 household enterprises (404 people), 29 trade and catering enterprises (1592 people), 33 food stores (458 people), 20 department stores (397 people), 6 company stores (156 people), 3 restaurants, 16 cafes and canteens (283 people), 3 procurement enterprises (306 people), 23 organizations of credit and state insurance (823 people), 6 newspaper editorial offices (166 people), Circassian workshop “Vtorchermet” (10 people), JSC “Vtortsvetmet” (10 people), private security department at the city police department (245 people) , North Caucasus Information and Advertising Agency (60 people), 38 institutions and organizations of health care, physical education and social security (3475 people), 52 educational institutions and kindergartens (3535 people), 25 institutions and cultural organizations (654 people). ), 13 art institutions and organizations (451 people), 3 communications enterprises (734 people), 32 public organizations (326 people), 57 management organizations (1,575 people), 709 private enterprises (1,325 people), 547 limited liability partnerships (1869 people), 91 state small enterprises (940 people), 167 construction cooperatives (1707 people), 236 industrial cooperatives (2095 people), 16 public catering cooperatives (40 people), 86 cooperatives for the provision of household services (631 people), 59 cooperatives for the provision of other services (255 people), 16 joint-stock companies (422 people), 6 associations (46 people), 5 joint ventures (142 people), 2 consortia (3 people), 21 brokerage houses (30 people), 21 branches of brokerage houses (27 people). ▲ Population of the city of Cherkessk according to the All-Russian Population Census as of October 9, 2002 (the first figure is total, in brackets - including men and women, people): under the age of five years - 5841 (2961, 2880), from 5 to 10 years – 6523 (3258.3265), from 10 to 15 years – 9236 (4689.4547), from 15 to 20 years – 10393 (5042.5351), from 20 to 25 years – 9224 (4278.4946), from 25 to 30 years – 8924 (4204.4720), from 30 to 35 years – 8301 (3790.4511), from 35 to 40 years – 8469 (3854.4615), from 40 to 45 years – 10075 (4393, 5682) , from 45 to 50 years – 9027 (4021.5006), from 50 to 55 years – 7709 (3320.4389), from 55 to 60 years – 4006 (1704, 2302), from 60 to 65 years – 6215 (3547. 3668), from 65 to 70 years – 4271 (1781, 2490), from 70 to 75 years – 3609 (1323, 2286), from 75 to 80 years – 2455 (698, 1757), from 80 to 85 – 1096 (300 , 796), from 85 to 90 years – 572 (123, 449), from 90 to 95 years – 220 (48,172), from 95 to 100 years – 31 (5, 26), at the age of 100 years and above – 12 ( 2.10). The ages of 35 people, including 19 men and 16 women, were not specified.
▲ In 1996, 3,546 residents arrived in Cherkessk for permanent residence, and 2,891 left Cherkessk.
The migration increase amounted to 655 people, although this year in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, in all cities and regions, a migration outflow of 252 places was registered. That year, 1,526 people were born in Cherkessk, 1,028 died. Six years later, in 1996, 1,202 were born, 1,285 died.
▲ In 2002, in the city of Cherkessk, 25,872 men and 26,707 women were married, including 24,290 and 25,042 registered, respectively. The city was home to widows: 1,221 men, 8,398 women, divorced: 2,552 men, 6,872 women. Never 407 men and 964 women were not married (aged 40 years and over 70 years).
▲ Having long-standing industrial traditions, Cherkessk continues to be the most important economic and industrial city of Karachay-Cherkessia in the 21st century.
In 2008, 2,618 enterprises and 4,420 individual entrepreneurs were registered on its territory. They are the ones who ensure sustainable economic development of the capital of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. At the same time, their numbers are constantly increasing. In 2007 alone, it increased by three percent. In other words, 1,088 city residents received additional jobs. The average salary in Cherkessk in 2008 was about 11 thousand - the highest in the republic.
▲ Cherkessk is a dynamically developing territory, where about 70 percent of industrial production, 74 percent of retail turnover and 65 percent of passenger traffic carried out in the republic are concentrated.
▲ Trends in the socio-economic development of Cherkessk have a positive impact on all major areas of the city’s economy. If in 2007 the industrial production index was at the level of 106.5 percent, then since the beginning of 2008 it amounted to 109.2 percent. Against the backdrop of a stable increase in industrial production, Circassians achieved a sharp increase in the volume of shipments of manufactured products: from 124.4 percent in 2007 to 129.8 percent since the beginning of 2008. By March 2009, Cherkessk will be able to ship as many commercial products as the entire Karachay-Cherkess Republic ships today.

Bibliography

Authors	Name	Publishing house	Year	Pages
Buraev R. A.	Cherkessk (economic and geographical sketch).	– Cherkessk, Stavropol book publishing house	1969	142 p.
Dobracheva L.	Pages of history (to the 150th anniversary of Cherkessk). Article. "Lenin's Banner"		November 7, 1975
Dotsenko A. I.	The city has grown... Article. "Lenin's Banner"		August 12, 1962
Kurakeeva M. F.	This is how Cherkessk began. Article. "People's newspaper".		July 27, 1997
Kurakeeva M. F.	From the past of the village of Batalpashinskaya. Article. "Republic Day"		July 27, 2000
Mamkhyagova L. I.	Chronicler of Cherkessk. Article. “Cherkessk (yesterday, today, tomorrow)”		September 19, 2000
Nevskaya V. P.	Cossack villages of the Batalpashinsky department (history of the villages of Karachay-Cherkessia). Article. "Lenin's Banner"		March 10, 1971
	Population of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. Statistical collection based on materials from the 2002 All-Russian Population Census. Cherkessk		2005	Book 1 and book 2, 474 pp.
Polskaya E.	When did Cherkessk become a city?. Article. "Lenin's Banner"		December 30, 1977
Chernysheva E.	Sixty (from the history of the renaming of the village of Batalpashinskaya to the city of Cherkessk). Article. "Lenin's Banner"		June 16, 1982
Tverdokhlebov S. P.	The home of our care. Article. "Lenin's Banner"		January 22, 1988
Tverdokhlebov S. P.	Happy anniversary to you, my Cherkessk. Article. "Republic Day"		October 15, 2005

Each of us is a patriot of his city, the city in which he was born, raised and lives, the city in which he knows every street and every alley, the city with which all the bright memories of his childhood are associated. For me, this is my hometown - the city of Cherkessk, the capital of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic.

A little history: Founded in 1804, by the Cossacks of the 3rd Khopyor Regiment, as a Russian military fortification on the Kuban border line, where in 1790 Russian troops under the command of General Herman defeated the 40,000-strong Turkish army of Batal Pasha. In the fall of 1825, a Cossack village was founded near the redoubt by Cossacks from the Stavropol province Batalpashinskaya- a rare case when a settlement was named after not the winner, but the vanquished. In 1880, the village of Batalpashinskaya became the administrative center of the district (since 1886 - a department) of the Kuban region. In Batalpashinskaya there was trade in grain and livestock; there was a sawmill.
In the fall of 1918, the village of Batalpashinskaya was occupied by General Shkuro. Having occupied the village, he announced mobilization into Denikin’s army. On January 5, 1919, Shkuro's army captured Kislovodsk, which was occupied by the Red Army. Having recruited specialists and equipment in Kislovodsk, Shkuro organized in Batalpashinsk the production of shells, cartridges, cloth, leather boots, cloaks and fur coats for the White Army. Karachay and Circassia were in the power of the Denikins until the spring of 1920. Since 1922, the village has been the center of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region, since 1926 - the center of the Circassian National District, from 1928 to 1943 - the Cherkess Autonomous Region. In 1931, the settlement was given the status of a city and the name Batalpashinsk. In 1934, Batalpashinsk was renamed Sulimov by the name of the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR D. E. Sulimov. In 1937, Sulimov was arrested and shot, after which the city was renamed Ezhovo-Cherkessk, in honor of People's Commissar of Internal Affairs N.I. Ezhov. In 1939, after the arrest and execution of the latter, only the second part of the name remained outside the city - Cherkessk. Since 1957, Cherkessk has been the center of the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region, since 1991 - the capital of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. During the Great Patriotic War, thousands of citizens - representatives of all the peoples of the republic - went to the front, Circassian and regional partisan detachments were formed. The streets of the city are now named in honor of the war heroes I. Lobodin, Kh. Bogatyrev, I. Laar, O. Kasaev, D. Starikov and others. The “Fire of Eternal Glory” memorial in Victory Park is dedicated to the memory of the defenders and liberators of the fatherland.
The city's population is slightly more than 120 thousand people.
National composition (2002):
Russians - 64,530 people. (55.5%),
Karachais - 16,011 people. (13.8%),
Circassians - 14,672 people. (12.6%),
Abazins - 9473 people. (8.2%),
Nogais - 1755 people. (1.5%),
Ukrainians - 1520 people. (1.3%),
Ossetians - 702 people. (0.6%),
Greeks - 470 people. (0.4%),
other nationalities - 7111 people. (6.1%).
In total, representatives of 80 nationalities live in the city.
Economy:
Chemical production association
Factories:
refrigeration engineering
rubber products
low voltage equipment
cement
Derways automobile plant.
And finally, I want to post a few photos of new and not quite...

When entering the city from Pyatigorsk, you will be greeted by the “formidable” echo of the Great Patriotic War, a reminder that everything in our world is precarious...

And this is our government house...

Lenin, so young...

Lenin lived, Lenin is alive, Lenin will live!)))

And this is an old photo of the mayor's office of the city of Cherkessk...

And this is what the city hall looks like now, or rather the square in front of it...

And only in the city of Cherkessk can a monument to Pushkin be erected on Turgenev Avenue)))

Among the monuments I would also like to highlight the monument to Yesenin...

And also a monument to the defenders of the Caucasus passes, erected relatively recently...

Among the old buildings, the Central Post Office can be distinguished...

And also the gallery building, which is located opposite the post office building...

I don't even remember what it is)))

IN In 2000, our city celebrated its 175th anniversary. A city competition was timed to coincide with this event for the presentation of a “clamshell” from a school on the history of the city. At that time, computer technology was not yet widespread, and presentations had not yet been heard of. The photographs were taken with film cameras that have already disappeared into oblivion.

I believe that this material has not lost its relevance today. The usefulness lies in the fact that the city is quickly changing its appearance and some photos are already “history” (such as the photo of the once modern cinema “Russia”, which was a city landmark, which was demolished a couple of years ago and in its place an ultra-modern shopping mall of the same name was erected center).

This is a real group research work, which consisted of many phases: collecting information in the library; in a tourist circle (a specialist who knew the history of the city streets worked there); in the survey, he also kept an eye on his relatives about city districts, industrial enterprises (many of which no longer functioned in the post-perestroika period and began to be forgotten) and monuments; touring different areas and compiling a photo album.

We can say that this project is still functioning, since photographic materials are being replenished and in the future it is planned to open a new section: “Sights of the city,” which will include the results of new research. Materials will be selected on a competitive basis.

Birth of a name.

An exceptional case in history - the city was named

not in the name of the winner in the battle, but in the name of the vanquished!

The village of Batalpashinskaya owes its name to the battle of Russian troops led by Major General I. Herman with the outnumbered troops of the Turkish serskir Batal Pasha.

Despite the significant superiority in manpower and equipment, the Turks were unable to advance to Kabarda, where their path lay. Skillful leadership of the battle, the heroism of soldiers and officers, the decisive onslaught of five hundred Don Cossacks and the surprise of the blow decided the outcome of the battle in favor of Russian weapons, and with minor losses in the Russian corps.

In 1804, not far from the site of the battle with Batal Pasha on the right bank of the river. Kuban at an altitude of approx. A redoubt appeared 500 m above sea level. The village that appeared in its place in 1825 was named Batalpashinskaya.

By decree of Alexander II on December 30, 1869, the village was transformed into the city of Batalpashinsk. Subsequently, Batalpashinsk changed its status more than once, becoming either a city or a village. In 1931, by decision of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Circassian Autonomous Region was formed with its center in the city of Batalpashinsk.

In 1934, Batalpashinsk was renamed the city of Sulimov in honor of the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In July 1937 D.E. Sulimov was repressed, and the city began to be called Yezhovo-Cherkessk.

On September 2, 1939, by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Yezhovo-Cherkessk was renamed Cherkessk, and since then its name has not changed.

From the history of the city's development.

The city originates from a military fortification founded in 1825 as part of the Kuban border line. Along with the functions of a military settlement, Art. Batalpashinskaya played a prominent role in establishing trade and cultural ties with mountain peoples.

The development of the village was carried out according to plan, wide streets were cut. The houses were mostly adobe or turluch with hipped roofs. Rich Cossacks built their homes from stone and brick; the roofs were made with hipped slopes, covered with iron and painted, as a rule, with green paint.

Whitewashed huts with shutters and carved frames, flowers in the gardens, and an abundance of gardens gave the village a festive look.

From the moment of its inception, the life of the village was governed by a board that was elected in the village circles. All Cossacks, except those condemned by society, who had reached adulthood, took part in the work of the circle. Nonresidents, on a general basis, sent their elected representatives to the circle, but they had the right to a decisive vote only in the discussion of issues that concerned nonresidents.

The village ataman, clerk, treasurer and other officials were elected in circles. Members of the village board monitored the proper use of land, forests, and hayfields, planned income and expenses, distributed conscripts by branch of the military, and were responsible to the ataman of the department for the condition of roads, streets, public buildings and educational institutions.

In 1960, Batalpashinskaya became one of the district centers of the formed Kuban-Black Sea region. In 1868, at the expense of the army treasury, the first military hospital with 48 beds was built, which became the beginning of the development of medical science in Karachay-Cherkessia.

By 1910 Art. Batalpashinskaya had 18 thousand army and civilian population and looked like a large village surrounded by greenery. Its center was built up with good-quality houses, shops, shops, and inns. The buildings of the men's higher school, men's and women's gymnasiums stood out. Children of village residents could receive education in several schools, with girls and boys studying separately. There were also schools for children from other cities, private schools and those maintained by military command.

The decoration of the village was the central square. In its middle stood the most beautiful St. Nicholas Cathedral in the North Caucasus. Hence the name of the square - Cathedral.

“The restored St. Nicholas Cathedral (no longer on the central square, but on Kirov) as of 2008.

After the revolution of 1917, the square began to bear the name of V.I. Lenin. Monument to V.I. Lenin, erected in 1924, was one of the very first monuments to the leader of the revolution in the country. All architects of the city of Cherkessk took part in its construction. Initially, it was a 12-meter stepped openwork obelisk, topped with an almost meter-tall red star brightly lit from the inside. Below the star is the emblem of the state - a hammer and sickle, in the center of the obelisk is a portrait of V.I. Lenin. There was one word on the monument - “To Ilyich.”

INIn 1969, a new, now standing monument was erected by the sculptor E.M. Vilensky, architects M.Z. Vilensky and V.A. Zaitseva.

On the eastern side of Cathedral Square the Board of Directors of the Kuban Region was located. Nearby were the buildings of the officers' and merchants' clubs. ByIn the evenings, a brass band played on the square and officers and ladies strolled.

Philharmonic building.

There was a cinematograph in the house where the Philharmonic is now located.

The outskirts of the city were occupied by adobe and turluch huts of poor Cossacks and non-residents, covered with reeds and straw, coated with clay.

The trade center was located on the market square with shops, sheds and livestock bases, located on the site of the current House of Printing and the Palace of Children's Creativity.Noisy annual fairs were held here.

To attract people, swings and stages were built for performances by artists and strongmen. After the war, the bazaar was moved to a new location, and the square was named after S.M. Kirov.

On the northern outskirts, annual fairs were held, which attracted thousands of merchants from the surrounding villages and villages.

The importance of the village increased with the construction of the Military-Sukhumi road in 1894.

In 1918, Soviet power was proclaimed in the village.

The house where the First Congress of Soviets takes place.

In the 30s An iron foundry workshop opened in the city (later a refrigeration engineering plant, famous for its products throughout the country and beyond) - the first large industrial enterprise in Karachay-Cherkessia.

Refrigeration Engineering Plant .

During the Second World War, Cherkessk was occupied on August 11, 1942. On the night of January 16, 1943, Soviet troops began an assault on the city. On the night of January 18, units of our three divisions cleared the city streets of the remnants of German-Romanian units and eliminated pockets of resistance on Green Island. The streets of the city are named in honor of the heroes Lobodin M., Bogatyrev Kh., Kasaev O., Starikov D., Lara I.

The monument and the Eternal Flame on the square named after them are dedicated to the memory of the defenders and liberators of Cherkessk. Kirov, a monument to the troops of the Soviet Army at the mass grave.

Eternal flame.

Despite the great destruction during the occupation, the city grew. From 1941 to 1953 the number of residential buildings increased by 70%. By 1956, construction began on two new factories: rubber products and low-voltage equipment.

In 1956, a master plan for the development of the city was developed, according to which Cherkessk was conditionally divided into three microdistricts.

The central one, which includes the most ancient part with the crooked streets of the former Cossack village, is the industrial, transport, administrative, economic and cultural center of the city. The largest public institutions are concentrated here: the republican and city administrations, the drama theater, the post office, and the Kuban Hotel.

Posttamp.

The microdistrict also includes the Green Island park recreation area in the floodplain of the Kuban River.

The Northern microdistrict (developed since 1957) is mainly industrial.

Southern - a concentration of individual manor-type houses and an area of new buildings.

“Since January 1957, Cherkessk has become the center of the united Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region within the Stavropol Territory, and since 1991 - the capital of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic within Russia.

Modern Cherkessk.

Modern Cherkessk is a large industrial city with a population of 121.4 thousand people. (according to the 2010 census), which is home to representatives of more than 80 nationalities.

Of the industrial enterprises, the largest are the Circassian Chemical Production Association, the low-voltage equipment plant and the cement plant.

Commercial enterprises have appeared and are functioning: “Mercury”, “Visma”, “Britta” and many others. etc.

The largest higher educational institution in the city is the Karachay-Cherkess Republican Technological Institute. There is a research institute of economics, history, language and literature, a road transport college, the Karachay-Cherkess Energy College, and several schools.

The Republican Scientific Library is located in the central square.

Library

The city has its own drama theater (its troupe gives performances in three languages - Karachay, Circassian and Russian). In addition to the performances of its troupe, the theater welcomes guests from other cultural centers of the country with their musical programs or performances.

Drama theatre.

In the central part of the city there is also a historical, cultural and natural museum. You can learn a lot of interesting things by walking through its quiet halls.

In 1996, on the eve of International Museum Day, an art gallery was opened. And now there is a permanent exhibition hall.

Art Gallery.

A favorite vacation spot for citizens and guests of the city is the Green Island natural park, where there is a pond and a catamaran rental station, as well as a variety of carousels and swings for children of different ages.

One of the favorite places to relax is the square adjacent to the central square. There is a fountain in its center. In recent years, it has been modified several times, but continues to please the eye in the hot season.

In 1993, a monument to the great Russian poet Sergei Yesenin was unveiled near the central square.

Monument to Yesenin.

The city is working to preserve the memory of the events of the Second World War. Not far from the “Fire of Eternal Glory” memorial, Post No. 1 is located, which conducts search and educational work and annually organizes citywide competitions between school students on patriotic themes. There is a museum of military glory at the Post, which is open to the public and plays a big role in the patriotic education of the younger generation.

POST No. 1

Cherkessk has every right to be proud of its achievements in the field of sports. One of the largest sports complexes in the city is Spartak, where there are training rooms and a swimming pool.

Sports complex "Spartak".

In Cherkessk there are sports schools, the Nart stadium and the largest motor racing track in the country, Dombay.

One of the youngest centers of sports and cultural life is the Khimik Cultural Center, built in 1990.

DK Khimik named after the founder of the city chemical plant Z.S. Tsakhilova.

In the center of the city, opposite the municipal building, there was an ultra-modern cinema "Russia".

Cinema "Russia".

The monumental monument “Friendship of Peoples” rises above the Green Island culture and recreation park.

In 1957, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria and Adygea solemnly celebrated the 400th anniversary of the voluntary accession of the peoples of these regions and republics to Russia. In honor of this significant date, it was decided to build monuments in the cities of Nalchik, Cherkessk and Maykop.

The construction of the square and the construction of the monumental monument “Friendship of Peoples” in Cherkessk was completed in 1979. The authors are the architect Rozhin and the sculptor Ikonnikov. In the current turbulent times, this monument is a fragile symbol of good neighborliness and cooperation, a wish for a happy, friendly unity of peoples and a bright future for the multinational Caucasian region.

The history of the city in street names.

The modern street named after Lenin was previously called Pokrovskaya in honor of the Intercession Church, which it overlooked.

Kalinin Street - the former Sobornaya Street, was named after St. Nicholas Cathedral.

Pervomaiskaya - former Mostovaya. Previously, it went out onto the bridge over the river. Abazinka

Stavropol - the former Technical, and even earlier - named after the XXII Party Congress. The former name is due to the fact that there was a technical school on this street, then in honor of the XXII Congress of the Communist Party.

Umara Aliyeva - former School. The first school was on this street.

Factory - former Red. This is the very first street of the city. "Red" meant "beautiful."

Krasnoarmeyskaya - former Commercial. This street was lined with commercial shops.

Soviet - former Ataman. On this street were the ataman's house and the village government

Dzasokhova - former Post Office. The street is named after the post office located there.

The city was guarded in memories

(unfortunately, only one story has survived).

FENEVA ELLA DMITRIEVNA (69 years old in 2000). She lived all her life in Cherkessk. He says that the street where he lives (i.e. Voroshilov) was first called Bazarnaya, then Kirova, and after Voroshilov. He says that the city used to be like a farm, now there are many houses and buildings, before it was different. There were few streets. Behind Kalantaevsky and Turgenevskaya there were vacant lots. Later, buildings were built, including the Spartak Sports Palace.

Ella Dmitrievna says that on the site of the current Philharmonic there was a drama theater, on the site of the “Central” store (opposite the central square, now a shoe shopping center) there was a motorcade, and a bus station nearby.

Also, buses used to run on many streets, even small ones.

There were several cinemas: Gorky (between the central square and the military registration and enlistment office), Druzhba (on Demidenko Street), Komsomolets (near the Komsomolets stop, next to the children's library).

On the one hand, life used to be good. She says that they lived, although rather poorly, but calmly. All holidays were celebrated and accompanied by parades. It was always fun. Both old people and children came to the parade. Materially, life was better. But, on the other hand, the city has become more comfortable, more beautiful, many shops, schools, and various organizations have appeared.

16.01.2007 1 6646

In honor... of the defeated enemy
(Instead of a foreword)

On this day, Batal Pasha was unlucky. On September 30, 1790, one of the most significant battles of the Russian-Turkish war took place between the Bolshoy and Maly Zelenchuk and Kuban rivers. The insidious Porte could not come to terms with the fact that Russia was persistently moving deeper into the Caucasus. The Georgian Military Road was already under construction. And in the summer of the same 90th, the fleet of the Ottoman Empire was destroyed by the squadron of Rear Admiral Ushakov. And the Turks decided to take revenge. They really wanted to destroy the hated Azov-Mozdok line, break into Stavropol and defeat the fortress on the mountain. They also had “good friends” in the West.

That’s when the Turks and the British set out to muddy the waters among the Caucasian tribes of Imam Uturm, renaming him, very significantly in Arabic, Mansur, which means invincible. And the sheikh moved with expensive gifts to Kabarda with the aim of bribing the local princes. Seraskir (commander-in-chief) Batal Pasha hastened to his aid. The greatest hopes were pinned on him in expelling the Russians from the Black Sea coast and the Caucasus.

So, Batal Pasha gathered an army of 30 thousand, crossed the Laba River, and stopped at Urup. This became known in Georgievsk, the then provincial center of the Caucasus region. But, fortunately, the corps of Major General I.I. was located there. Herman. And the Khoperts in Stavropol were put on alert. Their regiment, led by military foreman Lukovkin, moved towards Kuban. And on its steep bank there was already post No. 8 of the cordon line, where the Belomechetskaya village now stands. The cordon Cossacks realized that there would be a hot battle.

And, indeed, on September 28, 1790, Batal Pasha moved his troops to the cape at the confluence of the Maly Zelenchuk into the Kuban, where, they say, that same white mosque still stood (according to other sources, it was the mausoleum of some important ruler). The Turks, confident in their superiority, did not even try to occupy the commanding heights. They paid in full for this carelessness. Batal Pasha, together with his retinue, was captured by foreman Lukovkin. Russian losses were minimal thanks to the strategic calculation of the military leaders and skillful command.

And in this battle, the Circassian cavalry numbering three thousand horsemen distinguished themselves. General German persuaded the Circassian princes to form an alliance with Russia.

And here’s what’s symbolic: not far from the site of such a large-scale battle in 1825, the village of Batalpashinskaya was founded. Yes, yes, they were named after the defeated seraskir - a rare case in toponymy. The victory was so difficult that they wanted to perpetuate the name of the enemy.

In Soviet times, the village was transformed into the city of Cherkessk - the current capital of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic. And Belomechetskaya remained a Stavropol village. And there, as if it were yesterday, the old-timers will tell with all the details how the battle unfolded, where German and Batal Pasha stood with their troops, and they will also show the monument “Cossack Grave”, by the way, the only one preserved on the banks of the Kuban after the Bolshevik terror against to the free class.

A cast iron chapel stands in the middle of an open field on a mound. Historians refute the White Mechet old-timers and claim that the people buried under the chapel are not those who fell in battle with Batal Pasha, but the defenders of the village who died in a clash with the highlanders on March 29, 1842. Be that as it may, everyone killed on the battlefield for the good of the Motherland is worthy of the memory of their fellow countrymen.

(kchr.info)

Leila Gochiyaeva,
Cherkessk

Now

“Grayness, chaos, disorder” - this is how the leading architects of the republic described Cherkessk. Music frozen in stone - this is what they call the queen of all arts - architecture. The ancient Roman architect Vitruvius deduced the “formula of architecture” - this is usefulness, strength and beauty. This formula has not lost its relevance today. There are no underdeveloped countries with good architecture. There are no strong, progressive countries with weak and backward architecture. Architecture is not only music in stone, it is also an objective reflection of the spiritual and socio-economic state of society. It is not for nothing that in ancient times the social, economic, and political state of society was judged by the appearance of cities.

Karachay-Cherkessia is a small space, which in terms of architectural level is not even close to a positive assessment. Against the backdrop of the rapid, qualitatively new urban development of the capitals of neighboring regions, the same Stavropol, Krasnodar, Rostov, Cherkessk, and the whole of Karachay-Cherkessia, looks, to put it mildly, very modest. We asked people directly related to the urban planning process how they would evaluate the architecture of Karachay-Cherkessia.

In the 1990s, there was a tendency that construction in Cherkessk was carried out very chaotically or not at all, says Vladimir Shigalov, General Director of Karachaycherkesagropromproekt OJSC. - The construction industry is currently going through difficult times. There is not a single plant for reinforced concrete structures, nor a plant for the production of wall materials. Basically all materials are imported from outside. Unfortunately, not a single kindergarten or school is being built, although the city’s need for this is quite acute. But, at the same time, it should be noted that in recent years, construction has picked up. Along with industrial construction, a tendency towards the construction of socio-cultural facilities began to appear. The city hospital has been reconstructed, and the republican hospital and perinatal center are being reconstructed. Housing is being built intensively. This makes me happy.

The chief engineer of Agropromproekt, Anatoly Shtepen, speaks of the need to create an urban planning cadastre service, noting that the creation of such a production group will provide completely new opportunities for operational services to the city population. The creation of such a service is an objective necessity, since designers often “at random” determine the location of construction, without taking into account the necessary features of the territory. While every owner of any real estate wants to know what will happen to his property according to the general plan in the coming decades, every buyer of real estate wants to know what is underground on the property being purchased, the presence of utility networks on or near the site, the presence of encumbrances or easements, seismicity of the territory , the fate of neighboring objects, etc.

Most of the architects interviewed noted that with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the economic crisis, the system of state regulation of urban planning relations and urban regulation also collapsed. Outdated general plans for settlements in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic are not being adjusted. City master plans, developed “in pursuance of the decisions of the next congress of the CPSU,” do not meet the modern pace of life and socio-economic relations. Such master plans do not suit anyone today. The city authorities, according to the old general plans, focused on the products of house-building factories, will not be able to solve a single modern problem. There is no need to say that such old plans are a brake on the development of cities and must change significantly, taking into account market relations, the cultural and aesthetic needs of modern society and the rapid pace of life.

I really wanted the new general plan (the last general plan, by the way, was adopted in the early 70s of the last century (!) and has not been adjusted since then) to be developed on the basis of seismological data and an economic assessment of the feasibility of reconstructing certain territories and objects. In a word, it is necessary that the general plan of the territory be drawn up on the basis of a more general concept for the development of the territory of Karachay-Cherkessia, as it should be, in accordance with all the norms of architectural urban planning,” noted Anatoly Chukov, a member of the Union of Architects.
Speaking about the architectural uniqueness of Cherkessk, city planners were unanimous in their opinion. The city continues the trend towards chaotic, disorderly construction, without taking into account urban planning standards.

There is a lack of developed transport road infrastructure. The main street of the city - the transport artery of the city - Lenin Street - is a dead end. It is impossible to drive along the federal highway from Karachaevsk to Stavropol or Pyatigorsk without stopping in Cherkessk. The transit nature of Cherkessk and the lack of bypass roads (old bypass roads are already within the city limits) only aggravate the city's problems.

The concentration of many administrative, cultural and commercial facilities along Lenin Street creates a number of inconveniences and congestion on this street, while the rest of the city is practically empty, undeveloped and not developing. Architects believe that in such a situation, a program is needed to relieve congestion on the central street of the city and the creation of new subcenters and places of commercial interests.

The general color scheme of the city is gray. The lack of terrain and mass standard development will require considerable effort to improve the architectural appearance of the city. The complete absence of elements of national, southern architecture makes the city faceless and architecturally inexpressive. Urban development is mainly represented by standard buildings, which exist both in central Russia and in more northern regions.

We, architects, are responsible to one degree or another for this territory, but our efforts, even if we try, are not enough. We still need understanding and assistance from the authorities, says Soltan Bekbulatov. - Urban planning is gradually moving beyond the industrial process. Every city resident is, in one way or another, connected with urban planning processes. Some are being built as best they can, others suffer from construction noise and debris, others have lost their usual picturesque view from the window. Some people are annoyed by any change in the environment. Investors are looking to make a profit, citizens are concerned about the quality of their lives, the authorities are trying to expand the city's infrastructure and keep everything under control. This is where the sources of conflict of interest lie. Correct urban planning policy is when the balance of interests of all participants is taken into account and at the same time strictly adheres to modern standards.

city of the Kuban region, on the left bank of the Kuban, 50 versts from the Nevinnomysskaya Vladikavkaz railway station, population 6100. Trade in grain and livestock. In the church fence there is a monument to General Petrusevich, killed in 1881 in Ahal-Tek. Around 4th century. To the south of B., General Herman with 3,000 troops on September 28, 1789 defeated the large army of Batal Pasha, who was sent with huge reserves of weapons and money to raise the highlanders against Russia. This victory was of great importance for Russia and deprived Turkey of influence in the central part of the North Caucasus. The neighboring village, founded in 1803 and renamed a city in 1880, is named in honor of the victory over Batal Pasha. In Batalpashinsk there is quite a significant sawmill; pine forest is rafted from the river. Teberda, the first left tributary of the Kuban.

Batalpashinsky department- former district of the Kuban region, occupies 151,357 square meters. in., or 1,570,686 dessiatines, 188,441 residents of both sexes. The distribution of land ownership is as follows: private companies, societies and others. institutions - 665 dessiatines, landowners. nobles and non-noble origins - 172,830 dessiatines, from states. peasants - 38,988 dessiatines, Cossacks - 673,360 dessiatines, auls - 135,349 dessiatines, and for the use of the colonies - 4,357 dessiatines and the treasury - 545,137 dessiatines. The department occupies the easternmost part of the region, borders on the South - the Caucasus ridge, separating it from the Kutaisi province, on the east - the Terek region, on the north - the Stavropol province. Most of the dept. mountainous. In addition to the main Caucasian ridge, mention should be made of the volcanic spur prominent in the north with the Elborus peak, the highest in the Caucasus. He is on the border of Batalp. dept. and department of Nalchik Kuban region. In addition, parallel to the main ridge stretch the so-called. Black Mountains from limestones, sandstones and shales of the Jurassic formation. They fall steeply to the south towards the side of the main ridge, more gently to the north. Their peaks are from 1500 to 1900 m. To the north from the Black Mountains stretches a lower ridge of the Cretaceous stage, the peaks are 1000 m and lower. The northern and northeastern parts of the department are much lower; on the border of the Stavropol province. The area rises again - this is the Stavropol Highlands (plateau). Dept. irrigated abundantly. This is where it starts Kuban; it is formed near the village of Khurzuk from the confluence of Ulukama, flowing from the snows of Elborus, and Uchkulan, which originates in the main ridge. It makes its way through the Black Mountains and the Cretaceous Ridge and flows along the section. almost to Armanug already through slightly hilly steppe terrain. All of its right tributaries are insignificant, and from the left ones, separately. The mountain rivers Teberda, Maly and Bolshaya Zelenchuki and Urup, which are full of water in summer, flow. Among the mineral resources there is poor quality coal, it is developed in the ridge. Khumara, 60th century. above Batalpashinsk, in the Kuban. There are silver-lead ores in the upper Kuban, but they are not developed. Glauber's salt is extracted from the Batalpashinsky salt lakes (see this next).

The climate is very varied depending on the altitude; There are no observations other than rain gauges in Bulgaria. Here, 529 mm of precipitation falls annually, most of it in June, then in May and July. Late spring and early summer are rainy, late summer and early autumn have little rain and clear skies. At the end of autumn there is frequent fog in the valley. Closer to the mountains, especially between the Black Mountains and the main range and to the north. slope of the Black Mountains, there is much more rain, especially in the Zelenchuk river area. The villages settled here in the 60s acquired the name rain, and part of their population moved out. And here, however, at the beginning of autumn the weather is much better than in summer. Higher valleys in the spurs of the main ridge, for example, in the upper Kuban and Teberda, are much less rainy. Here the climate is generally better than in the steppe, summers are not hot, and in winter the weather is clear and often much warmer than in the steppe. The vegetation is very diverse, in the steppe in the north it is similar to the vegetation of the steppes of southern Russia. The Black Mountains have magnificent, partly virgin deciduous forests (beech, birch, linden, maple, oak, etc.); higher up, especially in the west, and conifers - pine and fir. Above are excellent mountain pastures; finally, mosses, lichens and constant snow. The population in the northern and middle parts of the department, both on the right bank of the Kuban and on the left up to the Black Mountains, is mostly Russian. These are partly Cossacks, partly the so-called. non-residents, i.e. peasants and persons of other classes. There are significant estates granted by the highest orders to military and civil officials, some of them have been sold, some are rented out for grazing livestock, especially sheep. For about 20 years now, Taurian sheep farmers have moved here from the Novorossiysk region, b. including the Molokans, with their merino sheep, bought and rented a lot of land. Cultivation is not yet very developed; it flourishes most of all in the north. The mountains have excellent conditions for dairy farming, and cheese making is already beginning. Small villages of mountaineers are scattered throughout the designated area, b. including the Kabardian tribe and Ossetians. In the valley of the upper Kuban, above its wooded gorge, the so-called. Big Karachay, the Tatar tribe of Karachais has been living for a long time, it already submitted to Russia in 1841 and remained in its original places, especially engaged in cattle breeding; the herds are huge. Here is the fatherland kefir. The Karachais multiply quickly and in 1865 occupied the previously uninhabited Teberda valley. They sow grain, especially barley, using artificial irrigation. Karachais and Bakardins are Muslims, Sunnis, Ossetians are Orthodox. There are two tar mines in the Teberda valley plant, then from industrial establishments there are only a few mills. The trade is quite significant; the main centers, besides the city, are the villages of Suvorovskaya and Otradnaya on Urup and Nevinnomysskaya on the Kuban. By the north parts of the department Vladikavkazskaya railway passes. d. The mountain valleys of Zelenchuk and Teberda were formerly much more populated than they are now, as can be seen from the ruins of Orthodox churches, which are quite well preserved; 3 of them are close to each other near the village of Zelenchuk. There is now a monastery here and the churches have been restored. Then there's the church Shoana, on a cliff near the ridge. Khumar, and Senta, also on the mountain, near the Teberda valley, both in ruins. It is known that the Genoese trade route from the Black Sea to the Caspian passed here. There are also ruins of dwellings and fortifications, traces of copper smelting, etc. in the Teberda valley and above it. How Christianity and higher culture disappeared here is unknown. Russian troops first appeared at the end of the 18th century. and then only in the north-east. parts of the department. The fortifications of the villages of Batalpashinskaya and Suvorovskaya were built here. Southwestern part of the department. conquered between 1860-62, and from that time settlements of Russian people began: compulsory - Cossacks and voluntary - other classes. Literature: Dannik, "Mountains and gorges of the Kuban region." ("Notes of the Caucasian department. Geographical General.", vol. XIII); Felitsyn, "Settlement of the Kuban region." ("Izvestia. Caucasus. Department. Geographical Society.", vol. VIII). See Kuban region.

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