Initial success in the war was on the side of England, which won major victories over French troops in two major battles - at Crecy (1346) and at Poitiers (1356). The impression made in France by the defeat of the French army at Poitiers was literally stunning. “The people treated the knights who returned from the battlefield with such great hatred and such condemnation that in good cities everyone greeted them with sticks...” wrote one of his contemporaries. It is quite understandable that military defeats undermined any authority of the first Valois. Already after the defeat at Crecy, at the Estates General convened by Philip VI, the townspeople openly expressed their dissatisfaction with the royal policies and the king’s advisers. Even more difficult for the masses was the defeat at Poitiers. It was the peasants who suffered the most from the war. Their farms were ruined, and feudal exploitation increased due to military expenses. Therefore, increasing dissatisfaction with the existing order of things was brewing among the peasant masses. The same discontent grew in the cities. After the defeat of the French army near Poitiers, the townspeople of France began to sharply express dissatisfaction with the government's policies and demanded their armament, control over the expenditure of funds and the cleaning of the state apparatus. Unrest began in the cities of Northern France; an uprising took place in Paris, led by merchant foreman Etienne Marcel. The Dauphin (heir) fled from Paris with the feudal lords and began to prepare to suppress the uprising. But at this time the Parisians had a new ally in the person of the rebel peasants.

The Peasants' Revolt in northern France, which began in late May 1358, was one of the greatest peasant anti-feudal revolts in Western Europe during the Middle Ages. It received the name "Jacquerie" from the nickname of the French peasants "Jacques-bon" ("Jacques the simpleton"), which was given to them by the nobles. The Jacquerie was the response of the peasantry to the merciless exploitation to which it was subjected by the feudal lords in the conditions of the continued growth of commodity production and exchange in France. The Jacquerie was one of the most striking manifestations of the fierce class struggle, which especially intensified in the country in the 14th century. The immediate cause of the uprising was the sharp deterioration in the situation of the peasantry in connection with the Hundred Years' War. English troops ruled France as if they were at home, ruining peasant farms. French troops acted in the same way. In the intervals between hostilities, the peasants were robbed by mercenaries who remained out of work. The situation of French peasants during the era of the Hundred Years' War was realistically depicted by one of the chroniclers of the 14th century, Jean de Venette. According to him, in 1358: “... the vineyards, a source of beneficial moisture that gladdens the human heart, were not cultivated; the fields were not seeded or plowed; bulls and sheep did not walk through the pastures; churches and houses ... bore traces of the all-consuming flames or represented heaps of sad, still smoking ruins. The most desperate poverty reigned everywhere, especially among the peasants, for the lords overwhelmed their suffering, robbing them of their property and their poor life. Although the number of remaining livestock, large and small, was negligible, the lords still "they demanded payments for each head: 10 solidi for an ox, 4 or 5 for a sheep. And yet they rarely burdened themselves with concerns about protecting their vassals from raids and attacks from enemies." Feudal oppression, in the conditions of complete ruin of the peasant economy during the Hundred Years' War, fell into an unbearable burden on the peasantry. In addition, the impoverished peasants were required to pay high taxes, and after the Battle of Poitiers, new payments to ransom the king and lords from captivity.

The peasant uprising broke out spontaneously. When the Dauphin ordered to cut off all approaches to Paris, the lords began to put their castles in the vicinity of the city on alert. All work to strengthen the castles fell on the shoulders of the peasants. In addition, the peasants were subjected to endless violence from the soldiers of the Dauphin Charles, who lived by robbing the local population. On May 25, 1358, one of these soldier detachments was destroyed by the peasants, who then decided to take up arms against the lords. The uprising, which began in Beauvesy, quickly spread to Picardy, Ile-de-France and partly in Champagne, covering a large part of Northern France. The uprising developed without any preconceived plan. The rebellious peasants destroyed feudal castles, killed the feudal lords they captured, and burned all the documents in which peasant duties were recorded. The rebels did not have a written program; they formulated their demands verbally, reducing them to one thing: “Exterminate all noble people to the last!” “Some people from the villages,” wrote one of the chroniclers, whose sympathies were all on the side of the feudal lords, “gathered without a leader in Bovezi, and at first there were no more than 100 people. They said that the nobility of the kingdom of France - knights and squires - had disgraced and betrayed the kingdom, and that it would be a great blessing to destroy them all." Drawing pictures of popular anger directed against the exploiters, the same chronicler wrote how in a few days the rebel peasants “... multiplied so much that there were already a good 6 thousand of them: wherever they passed, their number increased, for each of their people rank followed them..."

Soon, the rebel peasants who carried out revolutionary reprisals against the feudal lords had a leader - Guillaume Col (Kal), originally from the Bovezian village of Melo. Apparently well acquainted with military affairs, Guillaume Col became the “general captain of the Jacques.” He created something like an office, had his own seal and issued orders. Having organized the rebel peasants into dozens, he placed a foreman at the head of each ten, subordinated these foreman to captains, and the captains directly to himself. Smart and far-sighted, completely devoted to the interests of the rebels, Guillaume Col understood perfectly well that the scattered and poorly armed peasants needed a strong ally in the townspeople, and tried to establish connections with Etienne Marcel. He sent a delegation to Paris with a request to help the peasants in their fight against the feudal lords and immediately moved to Compiegne. However, rich townspeople did not allow the rebel peasants to go there. The same thing happened in Senlis and Amiens. Of course, wealthy townspeople, in whose hands the city administration was, were not averse to using the peasant movement for their own purposes to destroy the nearest feudal castles, to put pressure on the Dauphin Charles, etc. But these townspeople did not dare to enter into an alliance with the rebellious peasants. Rich townspeople were afraid for their own position and property, feared the development of the revolutionary movement and sought to put obstacles in its way. They were ready to enter into an alliance with the ruling class, having received from it the concessions they needed, rather than an alliance with the revolutionary people. Only the poorer sections of the townspeople sympathized with the peasants and provided support to the rebels (in Amiens, Beauvais and some other cities). However, it was not these strata that determined the politics of the cities, because the poor did not play a big political role in them. The position of Etienne Marcel personified the attitude of the wealthy part of the urban population towards the rebellious peasants. On the one hand, Etienne Marcel entered into contact with peasant detachments and even sent a detachment of Parisians to their aid in order to destroy the fortifications erected between the Seine and Oise by the feudal lords and which interfered with the supply of food to Paris. On the other hand, Etienne Marcel called his troops back just at the moment when Guillaume Cal needed them most, and left the peasants face to face with a well-armed enemy. At this time, a new enemy, King Charles the Evil of Navarre, came out against the peasants, whose rapid successes in the first days of the uprising were explained by the confusion of the nobility taken by surprise and in panic, who sought salvation only in flight. Wanting to seize the French throne into his own hands, he tried to take advantage of the general confusion that gripped the ruling circles of French society after King John the Good was captured by the British. Thus, the troops of the Dauphin Charles and the troops of the King of Navarre, Charles the Evil, simultaneously opposed the peasants.

The first blow to the rebels was dealt by Charles the Evil. With a well-armed army of a thousand people, he approached the village of Melo, where the main forces of the rebels were located. Guillaume Col rightly decided that the peasants would not be able to win in a battle in the open, and began to persuade them to move towards Paris. But the peasants did not want to listen to the advice of their leader, declaring that they would not retreat a single step, since they were strong enough to fight the nobles. Then Guillaume Col lined up his army for battle. He successfully positioned peasant detachments on a hill that dominated the surrounding area. Guillaume Col divided his entire army into two parts - 3 thousand people each, ordered to make a rampart of carts and all kinds of luggage, and put archers from bows and crossbows on the first line. A cavalry detachment of 600 people was built separately. The position occupied by Guillaume Cohl's troops looked so impressive, and the peasants themselves were filled with such fighting fervor that Charles the Evil did not dare to attack the rebels for several days. Then Charles the Evil summoned Guillaume Cal to his camp, supposedly for negotiations, and when Guillaume, without ensuring his safety with hostages, came to the King of Navarre, he ordered him to be seized and chained (June 10). At the same time, a signal was given for an attack on the peasant camp, and the peasants, left without an experienced and skillful leader, were soon defeated. “Charles, king of Navarre,” wrote a contemporary of the events, “with his entire detachment, which was very large, attacked the foot Jacques and destroyed them all, with the exception of a very few who took refuge in one grain field and fled at night...”. Another noble detachment, going to the aid of Charles, having met the rebellious peasants, also attacked them, destroying without any mercy more than 1,300 people, and then another 800 peasants. 300 people who took refuge in the monastery were burned there. Until June 24, according to contemporaries, at least 20 thousand peasants died. The bloody reprisal of the brutal feudal lords against the peasants stopped only in August 1358, when the nobles were afraid that there would be no one to clean their fields. Charles the Evil subjected Guillaume Cal himself to excruciating torture. He ordered him to be “crowned” with a red-hot tripod as a “peasant king,” and then executed him. Both French and English knights took equal part in the suppression of the peasant uprising, who at that moment forgot about their differences in the face of a common danger that threatened their class dominance, and killed the rebel peasants with equal cruelty. Thus ended the great peasant uprising in France. The peasants were defeated. The main reasons for this failure were fragmentation, disorganization of the peasant uprising, and betrayal by the propertied townspeople. Nevertheless, despite its ultimate failure, the Jacquerie was of great importance to the masses. After the Jacquerie, the feudal lords hesitated for a long time to intensify the exploitation of the peasants. The Jacquerie also contributed to the faster liberation of peasants from personal serfdom. Thus, the peasant uprising, directed against feudal exploitation and shaking the feudal system, eased the situation of the masses to some extent.

After the resistance of the peasants was broken, it was the turn of the rebel Paris. The dominance of the merchant elite in the capital did not bring any relief to the masses. The urban poor did not want to further support Etienne Marcel in his fight against the Dauphin. Etienne Marcel himself, frightened by the scale of revolutionary events and preferring, like all rich townspeople, an alliance with the feudal lords to an alliance with the rebel people, entered into negotiations with Charles the Evil and wanted, apparently, to surrender the capital of France to him. However, Etienne Marcel did not have time to implement this intention. One night, while going around the guard posts, he was killed by supporters of the Dauphin Charles, who was then allowed into the city. Returning to Paris, the Dauphin Charles brutally dealt with the main participants in the city uprising, which, like the Jacquerie, ended in defeat. Frightened by popular uprisings, the royal government hastened to negotiate peace with the British.

JAQUERIE - peasant anti-feudal uprising in France in 1358. It got its name from the contemptuous nickname “Jacques Bonhomme”, given to the peasants by the nobles. The development of commodity-money relations in the 13th-14th centuries, which led to the establishment of a connection between the feudal estate and the market, the transition to cash rent, strengthened the desire of the feudal lords to increase their incomes and caused increased exploitation of the peasants. Hundred Years' War 1337-1453 in turn, led to an increase in numerous feudal levies and taxes, and the plague of 1348 devastated villages and increased economic devastation. The military actions that took place on the territory of France and the robberies of hired soldiers caused severe damage to agriculture. After the defeat of the French at Poitiers in 1356, payments for the ransom of the king and lords from captivity fell to the share of the ruined peasantry. Failures during the war further intensified the peasants' hatred of the feudal lords.

The reason for the uprising was the introduction in the spring of 1358 of additional corvee labor for the restoration of destroyed castle-fortresses. On May 28, in Bovezi, about 100 peasants from the town of Saint-Leu-d'Esseran attacked a detachment of brigands who were robbing the village and killed 4 knights and 5 squires. The spontaneous uprising that broke out quickly engulfed S. Ile-de-France, Vermandois, Brie, Picardy and partially Normandy and Champagne. The rebels attacked the nobles, killed them, robbed their property, burned castles, destroyed records of feudal duties. According to the chronicles, there were about 100 thousand rebels. The urban poor, some small knights took part in the uprising, and sometimes rural priests joined , came from the people. The rebels did not have a program; their slogan - to kill all noble people - clearly reveals the anti-feudal nature of the uprising. The banner of the rebels with the image of a lily - the emblem of royal power - emphasizes their devotion to the king.

In the very first days of the uprising, Guillaume Cal, a peasant from the village of Mello, familiar with military affairs, stood at the head of the peasants; his assistant was a knight. G. Kal sought to bring some organization into the ranks of the peasants, appointing commanders of individual peasant detachments, trying to unite their actions. To attract the townspeople to the uprising, he turned for help to Etienne Marcel(see Parisian uprising of 1357-1358), who, having sent 300 people, however, used the peasants in his own interests - with their help, fortresses that interfered with the supply of food to Paris were destroyed, after which the detachment of Parisians was recalled. Most cities (Compiègne, Clermont, Rouen, etc.) did not support the rebels; in Amiens, only the urban poor were on their side; the elite of the townspeople dissociated themselves from the rebels. Some cities, for example Beauvais, Mo, joined the peasants. Frightened by the actions of the rebels, the nobles began to gather their forces under the leadership of the king Navarre - Karl the Evil, who created a thousand-strong army of French and English knights. Having learned about this, G. Kal persuaded the peasants to go to Paris, hoping to receive the support of the townspeople. The peasants refused, confident in their abilities. Then G. Kal began to prepare for battle and positioned his army on a hill between Mello and Clermont. For 2 days (June 8 and 9), the opponents stood against each other without taking military action. On June 10, Charles of Navarre proposed a truce and called G. Kahl for negotiations. During the negotiations, G. Kal was captured, tortured and beheaded. The cavalry of the feudal lords unexpectedly attacked the peasants and defeated their army. Throughout the summer, massacres of peasants took place; according to chroniclers, up to 20 thousand of them were exterminated. The reasons for the defeat of the Jacquerie were: fragmentation, spontaneity, unpreparedness of the movement - lack of a plan, program, sufficient weapons; trust in royal power; lack of a strong ally who could become their hegemon. The Jacquerie had great historical significance: it revealed the enormous revolutionary energy of the peasants, their will to fight.

The sources for Jacquerie are mainly the 14th century chronicles: Froissart (ed. S. Luce, P., 1869-99), Jean de Venet (ed. H. Géraud, P., 1843-44) and Chronicle of the First Four Valois (ed. S. Luce, P., 1862). The most valuable work on housing in the bourgeoisie. historiography is “History of the Jacquerie” by Luce (S. Luce, Histoire de la Jacquerie, P., 1859), which uses, in addition to chronicles, registers of parliament, the Chamber of Accounts, etc. Noting the progressive significance of Jacquerie, Luce sees, however, the reasons for the deterioration The position of the peasants is not in the strengthening of feudal exploitation, but in the plunder of the brigands. In modern French historiography, the Jacquerie is not considered a social movement, viewing it as an expression of the rage of the peasants and their thirst for robbery (see J. Calmette, Le Moyen Age, P., 1951; E. Perroy, La guerre de Cent ans, P., 1939 ).

M. M. Sebentsova. Moscow.

Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 5. DVINSK - INDONESIA. 1964.

Peasants burn the feudal lord's castle.

Read further:

The whole world in the 14th century (chronological table).

France in the 14th century (chronological table).

Literature:

Franz. village XII - XIV centuries. and Jacquerie. Documentation. Transl., introduction and notes. N.P. Gratsiansky, M.-L., 1935;

Semenov V.F., Jacqueria, L., 1958.

Jacquerie

Revolt in Paris

On June 8, with a well-trained army of a thousand spears, Charles the Evil approached the village of Melo, where the main forces of the rebels were located. Since, despite the significant numerical superiority, the untrained peasants had practically no chance of winning in open battle, Guillaume Cal proposed withdrawing to Paris. However, the peasants did not want to listen to the persuasion of their leader and declared that they were strong enough to fight. Then Kal successfully positioned his troops on the hill and divided them into two parts; In front, he made a rampart of carts and luggage and positioned archers and crossbowmen. The detachment of horsemen was built separately.

The positions looked so impressive that Karl Navarsky did not dare to attack the rebels for a week, and in the end he resorted to a trick - he invited Kal for negotiations. Guillaume believed his knightly word and did not ensure his safety with hostages. He was immediately captured and chained, after which the demoralized peasants were defeated. Meanwhile, the Dauphin's knights attacked another detachment of Jacques and also destroyed many of the rebels.

A massacre of the rebels began. Guillaume Cal was executed after brutal torture (the executioner “crowned” him as a “peasant king” by placing a red-hot iron tripod on his head). Until June 24, at least 20 thousand people were killed and the massacre began to subside only after the amnesty announced by Dauphin Charles on August 10, which, however, many feudal lords turned a blind eye to. Peasant unrest continued until September.

Frightened by popular uprisings, the royal government hastened to negotiate peace with the British.

There are many opinions about the causes of this revolt, and although it was caused by special circumstances, it can be linked to a number of French medieval peasant riots and unrest. This uprising can also be compared with the English uprising of Wat Tyler in 1381 and with the Taborite movement (Hussite movement) in the Czech Republic. To a certain extent, the uprising of 1358 became a link between medieval peasant revolts and the religious movements of the beginning of the New Time.

Historians argue about the class character of the Jacquerie, and, while not denying the presence of nobles in the ranks of the rebels, they question the homogeneity of the movement. In addition, in addition to refusing to pay taxes, the Jacquerie was motivated by the desire of the peasants to defend their dignity. The Jacquerie seriously affected the consciousness of people, and henceforth peasant unrest was designated by the word “Jacquerie” as a common noun.

The reasons for the uprisings may be as follows:

The Hundred Years' War, which led to increased taxes.
Famine and disease in Europe, which worsened the already difficult situation of the peasants.
The exploitation of peasants intensified, changes took place in the economy (trade), and feudal lords, wanting to buy expensive goods from other countries, began to demand cash rent.

Bibliography

Bessmertny Yu. L. Prerequisites and nature of peasant movements in France in the 14th century. // French yearbook. 1974. M., 1976
Bessmertny Yu. L. Demographic and social processes in the French village of the 14th century. // French yearbook. 1981. M., 1983
Konokotin A.V. Jacquerie 1358 in France // Scientific notes of the Ivanovo State. ped. in-ta. T. 35. 1964
French village XII-XIV centuries. and Jacquerie. Documentation. M.; L., 1935

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jacquerie- and jacqueria... Dictionary of difficulties of pronunciation and stress in modern Russian language

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Jacquerie- (Jacquerie), cross, uprising in Northern France (May June 1358). Franz. The aristocracy contemptuously called the peasant Jacques the Simpleton. This is where the name came from. uprisings Its leader was Guillaume Cal. The reason for the uprising was the speech of the bourgeoisie in Paris... ... The World History

Jacquerie- (Jacquerie, from “Jacques Bonhomme” “Jacques the Simpleton”, a nickname given to the peasant by the French nobles), a peasant uprising in France in 1358, caused by increased feudal oppression, economic devastation during the Hundred Years' War 1337 1453.… … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

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- (Jacquerie) cross. antifeud. uprising in France 1358. It got its name from despise. nickname Jacques Bonhomme given to peasants by nobles. Development of commodity den. relations in the 13th and 14th centuries, the feud led to the establishment of a connection between the swarm... Soviet historical encyclopedia

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3 ticket. Civilization of Ancient Rome. Ancient Rome (lat. Roma antiqua) - one of the leading civilizations of the Ancient World and antiquity, got its name from the main city (Roma), in turn named after the legendary founder - Romulus. The center of Rome developed within a marshy plain bounded by the Capitol, Palatine and Quirinal. The culture of the Etruscans, ancient Greeks and Urartians (ancient Armenians) had a certain influence on the formation of ancient Roman civilization. Ancient Rome reached the peak of its power in the 2nd century AD. e., when under his control came the space from modern Scotland in the north to Ethiopia in the south and from Armenia in the east to Portugal in the west. Ancient Rome gave the modern world Roman law, some architectural forms and solutions (for example, the arch and the dome) and many other innovations (for example, wheeled water mills). Christianity as a religion was born on the territory of the Roman Empire. The official language of the ancient Roman state was Latin, the religion for most of the period of its existence was polytheistic, the unofficial emblem of the empire was the golden eagle (aquila), after the adoption of Christianity, the labarum (the banner established by Emperor Constantine for his troops) with the chrisma (pectoral cross) appeared. During the royal period, Rome was a small state that occupied only part of the territory of Latium, the area inhabited by the Latin tribe. During the Early Republic, Rome significantly expanded its territory during numerous wars. After the Pyrrhic War, Rome began to reign supreme over the Apennine Peninsula, although a vertical system of governing subordinate territories had not yet developed at that time. After the conquest of Italy, Rome became a prominent player in the Mediterranean, which soon brought it into conflict with Carthage, a major state founded by the Phoenicians. In a series of three Punic Wars, the Carthaginian state was completely defeated and the city itself was destroyed. At this time, Rome also began expanding to the East, subjugating Illyria, Greece, and then Asia Minor and Syria. In the 1st century BC. e. Rome was rocked by a series of civil wars, as a result of which the eventual winner, Octavian Augustus, formed the foundations of the principate system and founded the Julio-Claudian dynasty, which, however, did not last a century in power. The heyday of the Roman Empire occurred in the relatively calm time of the 2nd century, but already the 3rd century was filled with a struggle for power and, as a consequence, political instability, and the foreign policy situation of the empire became more complicated. The establishment of the Dominat system by Diocletian stabilized the situation for some time by concentrating power in the hands of the emperor and his bureaucratic apparatus. In the 4th century, the division of the empire into two parts was finalized, and Christianity became the state religion of the entire empire. The Latin language, the appearance of which dates back to the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. e. constituted the Italic branch of the Indo-European family of languages. In the process of historical development of ancient Italy, the Latin language supplanted other Italic languages and over time took a dominant position in the western Mediterranean. At the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e. Latin was spoken by the population of the small region of Latium (lat. Latium), located in the west of the middle part of the Apennine Peninsula, along the lower reaches of the Tiber. The tribe that inhabited Latium was called Latins (lat. Latini), its language was Latin. The center of this area became the city of Rome, after which the Italic tribes united around it began to call themselves Romans (lat. Romania).

4 ticket. The place of religion and the church in the life of medieval society.Medieval culture is characterized by two key distinguishing features: corporatism and the dominant role of religion and the church. Medieval society, like an organism made of cells, consisted of many social states (social layers). A person by birth belonged to one of them and had practically no opportunity to change his social status. Each such position was associated with its own range of political and property rights and obligations, the presence of privileges or their absence, a specific way of life, even the nature of clothing. There was a strict class hierarchy: two higher classes (clergy, feudal lords - landowners), then merchants, artisans, peasants (the latter in France were united in the “third estate”) . In early Christianity, the belief in the imminent second coming of Jesus Christ, the Last Judgment and the end of the sinful world was very strong. However, time passed, nothing like this happened, and this idea was replaced by the idea of consolation - reward after death for good or bad deeds, that is, hell and heaven. The first Christian communities were distinguished by democracy, but quickly enough the ministers of worship - the clergy, or clergy ( from the Greek "Claire" - fate, at first they were chosen by lot) turn into a harsh hierarchical organization. At first the highest positions in Cleary were occupied by bishops. The Bishop of Rome began to seek recognition of his primacy among the entire clergy of the Christian Church. At the end of IV-beginning of V s. he assumed the exclusive right to be called Pope and gradually acquired power over all other bishops of the Western Roman Empire. The Christian Church began to be called Catholic, which means universal.

5 ticket. The emergence and spread of Islam. Spread of IslamThe peculiarities of Islam, generated by the very conditions of its origin, facilitated its spread among the Arabs. Although in the struggle, overcoming the resistance of the tribal aristocracy, prone to separatism (the uprising of the tribes of Arabia after the death of Muhammad), Islam quite soon won a complete victory among the Arabs. The new religion showed the warlike Bedouins a simple and clear path to enrichment, to a way out of the crisis: the conquest of new lands. Muhammad's successors - the caliphs Abu Bakr, Omar, Osman - in a short time conquered neighboring, and then more distant countries of the Mediterranean and Western Asia. The conquests were carried out under the banner of Islam - under the “green banner of the prophet.” In the countries conquered by the Arabs, the duties of the peasant population were significantly eased, especially for those who converted to Islam; and this contributed to the transition of broad masses of the population of different nationalities to the new religion. Islam, which originated as the national religion of the Arabs, soon began to turn into a supranational, world religion. Already in the VII-IX centuries. Islam became the dominant and almost the only religion in the countries of the caliphate, which covered vast areas - from Spain to Central Asia and the borders of India. In the XI-XVIII centuries. it spread widely in Northern India, again through conquest. In Indonesia, Islam spread in the 14th-16th centuries, mainly through Arab and Indian merchants, and almost completely replaced Hinduism and Buddhism (except for the island of Bali). In the 14th century, Islam also penetrated to the Kipchaks in the Golden Horde, to the Bulgars and other peoples of the Black Sea region, and somewhat later - to the peoples of the North Caucasus and Western Siberia. The emergence of Islam. Islam is one of the three (along with Buddhism and Christianity) so-called world religions, having its adherents on almost all continents and in most countries of the world. Muslims make up the vast majority of the population of many countries in Asia and Africa. Islam is a system that has a significant influence on international politics. In the modern understanding, Islam is both a religion and a state due to the active intervention of religion in state affairs. But I will be more interested in the historical roots of this phenomenon. “Islam” translated from Arabic means submission, “Muslim” (from the Arabic “Muslim”) - one who has given himself up to Allah. Of the three world religions, Islam is the “youngest”; if the first two - Buddhism and Christianity - arose in an era that is usually attributed to antiquity, then Islam appeared in the early Middle Ages. Arabic-speaking peoples almost all profess Islam, Turkic-speaking and Iranian-speaking people - in the overwhelming majority. There are also many Muslims among the North Indian peoples. The population of Indonesia is almost entirely Muslim. Islam originated in Arabia in the 7th century AD. Its origin is clearer than the origin of Christianity and Buddhism, for it is illuminated by written sources almost from the very beginning. But there is a lot of legendary stuff here too. If you look through the pages of history and consider the reason for the emergence of Islam, you get the impression that people were simply forced to accept the laws of this religion. And it began in the distant countries of Asia, where nature was unkind to humans, there were mountains and sandy deserts all around, and rain was a rarity. The people who lived there simply wandered from one oasis to another. Capricious, evil nature caused people a lot of grief, but they still adapted to exist. And it was precisely this fear that gave rise to people’s belief in spirits; it seemed to people that grief was caused by evil spirits, and joy was given by good spirits. Already in the 6th century, a class society arose, the rich began to own land, livestock, and agricultural products, and conducted trade. Slaves were beaten, sold, exchanged, and even intimidated by the gods. In desperation, people turned to prayer. It was at this time that the major merchant Muhammad appeared. The founder of Islam is the Arab “prophet” Muhammad (Muhammad or Mohammed), whose importance on the general destinies of mankind can hardly be overestimated, so we must pay special attention to this historical figure.

6 Ticket. Peasant revolt in France in 1358. Jacquerie. Peasants' revolt in England in 1381, led by Wat Tyler.

Jacquerie(fr. Jacquerie, from the name Jacques, common in France) - the name of the peasant anti-feudal uprising in Western Europe in the Middle Ages, which broke out in France in 1358, caused by the situation in which France was as a result of the wars with Edward III of England (Hundred Years War 1337-1453). The nobles were called their peasants in mockery " Jacques bon homme " - Jacques-just-so; hence the name given to the uprising. Contemporaries called the uprising “a war of non-nobles against nobles”; the name “Jacquerie” appeared later. This is the largest peasant uprising in the history of France. The causes of the Jacquerie were the economic devastation caused by the Hundred Years' War in France, tax oppression, as well as the plague epidemic ("Black Death"), which killed from a third to half of the population, which, in turn, led to a decrease in wages and the issuance of laws against their growth. The settlements and plots of the peasants were not protected (unlike cities) from the robberies of both the British and the French mercenary army. The impetus for the Jacquerie was new monetary taxes (by order of the Dauphin Charles for the ransom of King John the Good, captured in 1356 at Poitiers) and duties ( introduced by the Compiegne Ordinance in May 1358 to restore fortresses near Paris). The uprising began on May 28 in the town of Saint-Leu-d'Esseran (Bovesy region). The immediate cause of the uprising was the robberies of the soldiers of the Navarrese king Charles the Evil in the vicinity of Paris, which had the most serious impact on the rural population. The peasants, cruelly oppressed by the nobles, rushed at their tormentors, turned hundreds of castles into ruins, beat the nobles and raped their wives and daughters. The revolt soon spread to Brie, Soissons, Laonne and on the banks of the Marne and Oise. Soon, the rebel peasants had a leader - Guillaume Col (Kal), originally from the Bovezian village of Melo, who became the “general captain of the Jacques.” The uprising coincided with the Parisian uprising under the leadership of the merchant provost of Paris, Etienne Marcel. Guillaume Cal understood that the scattered and poorly armed peasants needed a strong ally in the townspeople, and tried to establish connections with Etienne Marcel. He sent a delegation to Paris with a request to help the peasants in their fight against the feudal lords and immediately moved to Compiegne. However, rich townspeople did not allow the rebel peasants to go there. The same thing happened in Senlis and Amiens. Etienne Marcel entered into contact with peasant detachments and even sent a detachment of Parisians to their aid in order to destroy the fortifications erected between the Seine and Oise by the feudal lords and which were interfering with the supply of food to Paris. However, this detachment was later withdrawn. By that time, the lords had recovered from their fear and began to act. Charles the Evil and the Dauphin Charles came out against the rebels at the same time. On June 8, with a well-trained army of a thousand spears, Charles the Evil approached the village of Melo, where the main forces of the rebels were located. Since, despite the significant numerical superiority, the untrained peasants had practically no chance of winning in open battle, Guillaume Cal proposed withdrawing to Paris. However, the peasants did not want to listen to the persuasion of their leader and declared that they were strong enough to fight. Then Kal successfully positioned his troops on the hill and divided them into two parts; In front, he made a rampart of carts and luggage and positioned archers and crossbowmen. A detachment of cavalry was built separately. The positions looked so impressive that Charles of Navarre did not dare to attack the rebels for a week, and in the end he resorted to a trick - he invited Kal for negotiations. Guillaume believed his knightly word and did not ensure his safety with hostages. He was immediately captured and chained, after which the demoralized peasants were defeated. Meanwhile, the Dauphin's knights attacked another detachment of Jacques and also exterminated many of the rebels. A massacre of the rebels began. Guillaume Cal was executed after brutal torture (the executioner “crowned” him as a “peasant king” by placing a red-hot iron tripod on his head). Until June 24, at least 20 thousand people were killed and the massacre began to subside only after the amnesty announced by Dauphin Charles on August 10, which, however, many feudal lords turned a blind eye to. Peasant unrest continued until September. Frightened by popular uprisings, the royal government hastened to negotiate peace with the British. Peasants' revolt in England in 1381, led by Wat Tyler. The Great Peasants' Revolt of 1381. After the epidemic of 1348, known as the Black Death, the population fell by one third, according to medieval estimates. Agriculture fell into decline. There was no one to sow and harvest the crops. Prices have doubled. Demands for higher wages followed. The village community, where peasant families were accustomed to living on the same land from generation to generation, began to disintegrate. Some peasants flee to the cities and become hired workers. Direct coercion from the landowners did not help. A new type of land holding begins to take root: leasing of land, livestock, and equipment, which was an important step on the path to capitalist agriculture. But the lords tried to regain their old positions, since now they had to reckon with freer peasants and hired workers. This situation gave rise to the peasant uprising of 1381. Escape from serfdom was possible only for a single person. For a man with a family, there remained organization and armed uprising [ source not specified 35 days] . Peasant unions are gradually beginning to grow. The rebellion of 1381 was the work of a people who had already won a degree of freedom and prosperity and were now demanding more. The Villans awakened to human dignity. The demands of the peasants were as follows: Abolition of serfdom; Commutation of all duties (replacement of natural duties with monetary ones); Establishment of a uniform cash rent of 4 pence per acre. The country was ruled by self-interested corrupt nobility, a typical representative of which was John of Gaunt. The foreign policy situation is deteriorating - the latest expeditions to France end unsuccessfully, which causes a shortage of funds in the treasury. The government decides to introduce a poll tax of 3 grots (a silver coin equal to 4 pence), which causes outrage among the masses. The protracted war with France and the introduction of the poll tax were the main reasons for the uprising of 1381. Tyler leads the campaign of the peasants of Kent County against London, along the way they are joined by peasants from other counties, as well as the poor and the urban mob. The rebels capture Canterbury and then London. The peasants storm the Tower and kill the Lord Chancellor and Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon Sudbury. King Richard II meets with the rebels demanding the abolition of serfdom on June 14, 1381 in Mile End, who promises to fulfill all demands. The next day (June 15), there is a new meeting with the king, on Smithfield Field, near the city wall of London, with a huge crowd of people. Now the rebels are demanding equal rights for all classes and the return of communal lands to the peasants. However, during the meeting, Wat Tyler is killed by the king's entourage (the mayor of London, William Walworth, stabbed him in the neck with a dagger, one of the knights completed the job by driving up to Tyler from behind and piercing him with a sword). This brings confusion and confusion to the ranks of the rebels, which Richard II took advantage of. The uprising is quickly suppressed by the forces of the knightly militia. Despite the fact that the uprising was suppressed, there was no complete return to the previous order. It became obvious that the ruling classes could no longer treat the peasants without some degree of respect.

And on the banks of the Marne and Oise. Finally, the nobles of all parties managed with their joint forces to drown the uprising in streams of blood.

Name

Contemporaries called the uprising “a war of non-nobles against nobles”; Name " Jacquerie" appeared later, the nobles called their peasants " Jacques bon homme"(glorious little Jacques), hence the name of the uprising.

Causes

The causes of the Jacquerie were the economic devastation caused by the Hundred Years' War in France, tax oppression, as well as the plague epidemic ("Black Death"), which killed from a third to half of the population, which, in turn, led to a decrease in wages and the issuance of laws directed against its growth. Settlements and plots of peasants were not protected (unlike cities) from the looting of both the British and the French mercenary army.

The impetus for the Jacquerie was new monetary taxes (by order of the Dauphin Charles for the ransom of King John the Good, captured at Poitiers) and duties (introduced by the Compiegne Ordinance in May to restore fortresses near Paris). The uprising began on May 28 in the town of Saint-Leu-d'Esseran (Bovezi region).

The immediate cause of the uprising was the robberies of the soldiers of the Navarrese king Charles the Evil in the vicinity of Paris, which had the most serious impact on the rural population. The peasants, cruelly oppressed by the nobles who raped their wives and daughters, rushed at their tormentors, turned hundreds of castles into ruins, beat the nobles and raped their wives and daughters. The revolt soon spread to Brie, Soissons, Laon and on the banks of the Marne and Oise. Soon, the rebel peasants had a leader - Guillaume Col (Kal), originally from the Bovesian village of Melo, who became the “general captain of the Jacques.”

History of the uprising

The uprising coincided with the Parisian uprising led by the merchant provost of Paris, Etienne Marcel.

Guillaume Cal

One of the peasant leaders of the uprising, Guillaume Cal, was looking for a strong ally in the townspeople for the scattered and poorly armed peasants and tried to establish connections with Etienne Marcel. He sent a delegation to Paris with a request to help the peasants in their fight against the feudal lords and immediately moved to Compiegne. However, rich townspeople did not allow the rebel peasants to go there. The same thing happened in Senlis and Amiens. Etienne Marcel established contact with peasant detachments and sent a detachment of Parisians to help them with the goal of destroying the fortifications erected between the Seine and Oise by the feudal lords and interfering with the supply of food to Paris. However, this detachment was later withdrawn.

By that time, the lords had recovered from their fear and began to act. Charles the Evil and the Dauphin Charles came out against the rebels at the same time.

On June 8, 1358, with a well-trained army of a thousand spears, Charles the Evil approached the village of Melo (fr: Mello), where the main forces of the rebels were located. Since, despite the significant numerical superiority, untrained peasants had practically no chance of winning in open battle, Guillaume Cal proposed withdrawing to Paris. However, the peasants did not want to listen to the persuasion of their leader and declared that they were strong enough to fight. Then Kal successfully positioned his troops on the hill and divided them into two parts; In front, he made a rampart of carts and luggage and placed archers and crossbowmen. The detachment of horsemen was built separately.

The positions looked so impressive that Charles of Navarre did not dare to attack the rebels for a week, and in the end he resorted to a trick - he invited Kal for negotiations. Guillaume believed his knightly word and did not ensure his safety with hostages. He was immediately captured and chained, after which the demoralized peasants were defeated. Meanwhile, the Dauphin's knights attacked another detachment Zhakov and they also destroyed many of the rebels.

Massacre of the rebels

A massacre of the rebels began. Guillaume Cal was executed after brutal torture (the executioner “crowned” him as a “peasant king” by placing a red-hot iron tripod on his head). Until June 24, 1358, at least 20 thousand people were killed, and the massacre began to decline only after the amnesty announced by Dauphin Charles on August 10, which, however, many feudal lords turned a blind eye to.

Continued unrest

Peasant unrest continued until September 1358. Frightened by popular uprisings, the royal government hastened to negotiate peace with the British.

Versions about the reasons

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The reasons for the uprisings may be as follows:

The Hundred Years' War, which led to increased taxes.
Famine and disease in Europe, which worsened the already difficult situation of the peasants.
The exploitation of peasants intensified, changes took place in the economy (trade), and feudal lords, wanting to buy expensive goods from other countries, began to demand cash rent.

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Notes

Bibliography

Bessmertny Yu. L. Prerequisites and nature of peasant movements in France in the 14th century. // French yearbook. 1974. M., 1976
Bessmertny Yu. L. Demographic and social processes in the French village of the 14th century. // French yearbook. 1981. M., 1983
Konokotin A.V. Jacquerie 1358 in France // Scientific notes of the Ivanovo State. ped. in-ta. T. 35. 1964
French village XII-XIV centuries. and Jacquerie. Documentation. M.; L., 1935

Excerpt characterizing the Jacquerie

We slowly “floated” along the silvery path, trying not to disturb anyone else’s sadness and let everyone enjoy the peace after everything we had experienced on this terrible day. The children slowly came to life, enthusiastically observing the marvelous landscapes floating past them. And only Arno was clearly very far from all of us, wandering in his, perhaps, very happy memory, which evoked a surprisingly warm and gentle smile on his refined and so beautiful face...
“You see, he probably loved them very much!” And you say it’s too early!.. Well, let’s look! – Stella did not want to calm down.
“Okay, let it be your way,” I easily agreed, since now it seemed right to me too.
– Tell me, Arno, what did your wife look like? – I began carefully. – If it doesn’t hurt you too much to talk about it, of course.
He looked into my eyes with great surprise, as if asking how I even knew that he had a wife?..
– It just so happened that we saw, but only the very end... It was so scary! – Stella immediately added.
I was afraid that the transition from his wondrous dreams to a terrible reality turned out to be too cruel, but “the word is not a bird, it flew out - you won’t catch it,” it was too late to change anything, and we could only wait to see if he wanted to answer. To my great surprise, his face lit up even more with happiness, and he very affectionately replied:
– Oh, she was a real angel!.. She had such wonderful blond hair!.. And her eyes... Blue and pure, like dew... Oh, what a pity that you didn’t see her, my dear Michelle! .
– Did you have another daughter? – Stella asked carefully.
- Daughter? – Arno asked in surprise and, realizing what we saw, he immediately added. - Oh no! It was her sister. She was only sixteen years old...
Such a frightening, such terrible pain suddenly flashed in his eyes that only now I suddenly realized how much this unfortunate man had suffered!.. Perhaps unable to bear such brutal pain, he deliberately fenced himself off with a wall of their former happiness, trying to remember only bright past and “erase” from his memory all the horror of that last terrible day, as far as his wounded and weakened soul allowed him to do this...
We tried to find Michelle, but for some reason it didn’t work... Stella stared at me in surprise and quietly asked:
– Why can’t I find her, did she die here too?..
It seemed to me that something was simply preventing us from finding her on this “floor” and I suggested that Stella look “higher”. We slipped mentally onto Mental... and immediately saw her... She really was amazingly beautiful - light and pure, like a stream. And long golden hair scattered over her shoulders like a golden cloak... I have never seen such long and such beautiful hair! The girl was deeply thoughtful and sad, like many on the “floors”, who had lost their love, their relatives, or simply because they were alone...
- Hello, Michelle! – without wasting time, Stella immediately said. - And we have prepared a gift for you!
The woman smiled in surprise and asked tenderly:
-Who are you, girls?
But without answering her, Stella mentally called Arno...
I won’t be able to tell them what this meeting brought them... And there’s no need for that. Such happiness cannot be put into words - they will fade... It’s just that, probably at that moment, there were no happier people in the whole world, and on all “floors”!.. And we sincerely rejoiced with them, not forgetting those who they owed their happiness... I think both little Maria and our kind Luminary would be very happy, seeing them now, and knowing that it was not in vain that they gave their lives for them...
Stella suddenly became alarmed and disappeared somewhere. I followed her too, since we had nothing else to do here...
-Where did you all disappear to? – Maya greeted us with a question, surprised, but very calmly. “We already thought you had left us for good.” And where is our new friend?.. Has he really disappeared too?.. We thought he would take us with him...
A problem arose... Where to put these unfortunate kids now - I didn’t have the slightest idea. Stella looked at me, thinking the same thing, and desperately trying to find some way out.
- I came up with it! – already just like the “old” Stella, she happily clapped her hands. “We will make them a joyful world in which they will exist.” And then, lo and behold, they will meet someone... Or someone good will take them.
“Don’t you think we should introduce them to someone here?” – I asked, trying to “more reliably” accommodate lonely kids.
“No, I don’t think so,” the friend answered very seriously. – Think for yourself, not all dead babies receive this... And not all of them here probably have time to take care of them. So it's fair to the others if we just make them a really nice home here while they find someone. After all, it’s easier for the three of them. And others are alone... I was alone too, I remember...
And suddenly, apparently remembering that terrible time, she became confused and sad... and somehow unprotected. Wanting to immediately bring her back, I mentally brought down a waterfall of incredible fantastic flowers on her...
- Oh! – Stella laughed like a bell. - Well, what are you talking about!.. Stop it!
- Stop being sad! – I didn’t give up. - We see how much more we need to do, and you’re so limp. Well, let's go get the kids settled!..
And then, completely unexpectedly, Arno appeared again. We stared at him in surprise... afraid to ask. I even had time to think: had something terrible happened again?.. But he looked “overwhelmingly” happy, so I immediately discarded the stupid thought.
“What are you doing here?!..” Stella was sincerely surprised.
- Have you forgotten - I have to pick up the kids, I promised them.
-Where is Michelle? Why aren't you together?
- Well, why not together? Together, of course! I just promised... And she always loved children. So we decided to all stay together until a new life takes them.
- So this is wonderful! – Stella was happy. And then she jumped to something else. – You are very happy, aren’t you? Well, tell me, are you happy? She's so beautiful!!!..
Arno looked into our eyes for a long time and carefully, as if wanting to, but not daring to say anything. Then, finally, I decided...
- I can’t accept this happiness from you... It’s not mine... It’s wrong... I don’t deserve it yet.
“How can you not do this?!..” Stella literally soared. - How can you not - how can you!.. Just try to refuse!!! Just look how beautiful she is! And you say you can’t...
Arno smiled sadly, looking at the raging Stella. Then he hugged her affectionately and quietly, quietly said:
“You brought me unspeakable happiness, and I brought you such terrible pain... Forgive me, dear ones, if you ever can.” Sorry...
Stella smiled at him brightly and affectionately, as if wanting to show that she understood everything perfectly, and that she forgave him everything, and that it was not his fault at all. Arno just nodded sadly and, pointing to the quietly waiting children, asked:
– Can I take them “up there” with me, do you think?
“Unfortunately, no,” Stella answered sadly. “They can’t go there, they stay here.”
“Then we’ll stay too...” a gentle voice sounded. - We will stay with them.
We turned around in surprise - it was Michelle. “That’s all decided,” I thought contentedly. And again, someone voluntarily sacrificed something, and again simple human kindness won... I looked at Stella - the little girl was smiling. Everything was fine again.
- Well, will you walk with me a little more? – Stella asked hopefully.
I should have gone home a long time ago, but I knew that I would never leave her now and nodded my head affirmatively...