The mouth of the Amu Darya River. Amudarya river. Economic importance of the Amu Darya

In the works of ancient Greek geographers one can find mention of the Amu Darya under the name Oxus, the supposed (inaccurate) translation of this word “flowing river”. In Arabic written sources this river is referred to as Jeyhun.

The most proven version of the origin of the name Amu Darya is the assumption that the first part of the word “Amu” is the name of an ancient city on the banks of this river, and the second part of the name “Darya” means “river” in Iranian.

Vasmer's etymological dictionary gives a similar interpretation of the name of the river. Thus, the researcher notes that the second part of the word comes from the New Persian darya, which means “big river, sea.” The same basis is found in the name of another famous Russian river - the Syrdarya, which allows us to speak about the presence of a single linguistic source from which many Russian words arose, in particular the names of rivers and lakes.

There is an ancient beautiful legend about the origin of the name. In the same village, two sisters lived with their parents; they were twins, similar as two peas in a pod. The one who was a little older was called Amuda, and the younger one was Daria. Since childhood, the sisters loved each other very much. And so, when the girls grew up, an unpleasant thing happened to them. There lived a guy in their village, handsome, prominent, both sisters loved him with all their souls and began to compete with each other. He, in turn, did not feel anything serious towards them, but played with both of them, because in addition to being very handsome, the young man was also very arrogant, angry and insincere.

And both sisters were so caught up in their feelings that they did not notice it, and every day they became more and more embittered at each other, no longer hiding their enmity, they spoke evil, cruel words to each other.

And then one day, when the sisters almost hated each other, they learned that their lover was marrying a girl from a rich, noble family. Then they realized what an unworthy person they had fallen in love with, they also realized that they were each other’s only support, and they made peace and cried together. Amuda and Daria went out into the open field, asked each other for forgiveness, turned into two rivers, merged together and flowed across the fields and plains, never being separated again, and people gave the river Amudarya the name for this. Most likely, the origin of the legend is due to the fact that the Amu Darya was formed by the confluence of two similar rivers.

The Amu Darya is of great importance for the territory through which it flows. Its waters are life-saving for the surrounding lands and are actively used for irrigation. Fishing is widely developed on the river. The Amu Darya is navigable, which is of great importance for connecting the region with the outside world. Of particular interest and value is the Kyzylkum Nature Reserve, which contains rare species of animals (including endangered ones).

AMUDARYA (Amu, Oxus, Balkh), a river in Central Asia, in Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, partially flows along the border with Afghanistan. It is formed at the confluence of the Pyanj and Vakhsh rivers. Length 1415 km (from the source of the Pyanj with the Vakhandarya River 2620 km), basin area (above the city of Kerki, 1045 km from the mouth) 309 thousand km 2 (excluding the basins of the Zeravshan and Kashkadarya rivers, the flow of which practically does not flow into the Amu Darya). The catchment area from which water flows is 227 thousand km 2. It originates in the Hindu Kush, in Afghanistan, where it is called Vahandarya, after the confluence with the river. The Pamir is called Panj, below the confluence of the river. Vakhsh - Amu Darya. The flow is formed mainly in the mountainous country of Pamir-Alai (75% of the river basin is in Tajikistan). Upon exiting the plain, west of the Kugitang ridge, it crosses the Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts; flows into the Aral Sea. From the confluence of the Pyanj and Vakhsh to the Ilchik gorge, the width of the valley is from 4 to 25 km, then it narrows to 2–4 km. Below the Tyuyamuyun gorge, the valley expands to several tens of kilometers; below the Takhiatash gorge the delta begins. The riverbed is very unstable and has changed its shape several times in the past. The dry riverbed of the Uzboy, through which the Amu Darya previously flowed into the Caspian Sea, has been preserved. The river receives tributaries only in the first 180 km. The average density of the river network is 0.5 km/km 2 . The main tributaries: Gunt, Bartang, Yazgulem, Vanch, Kyzylsu, Kafirnigan, Surkhandarya, Sherabad (right), Kunduz (Surkhb; left).

The flow of the Amu Darya is mainly formed by the flow of the Pyanj and Vakhsh rivers, which belong to the rivers of snow-glacier feeding (the glaciation area in their upper reaches is 7.5 thousand km 2). The share of glacial runoff is approx. 15%. The increase in water consumption as a result of melting snow and ice and rainfall begins in March - April and ends in mid-October. The highest water consumption is in June - August. The minimum flow is in January - February. The average annual water flow below the confluence of Pyanj and Vakhsh is 1750 m 3 /s, near the city of Kerki - 1970 m 3 /s (maximum 9210 m 3 /s, minimum 240 m 3 /s, annual flow volume more than 62 km 3). According to other data, the water resources of the Amudarya amount to 76–78 km 3 /year, and 62 km 3 is the guaranteed flow in 90% of cases, taking into account its regulation. The Amu Darya flow varies greatly from year to year and in certain periods. Low-water periods occur after 4-5 years, high-water periods - after 6-10. Characterized by prolonged periods of low water lasting 5–6 years or more, which aggravates the problems of water supply to the population and economy even in conditions of regulated flow. For a long time, the development of irrigation (the main water consumer) had virtually no effect on the amount of Amu Darya runoff, since the growth of irrigated lands occurred at the expense of the areas occupied in the river valley by tugai thickets, characterized by high evaporation. The flow began to decrease rapidly as soon as irrigation went beyond the Amu Darya valley and its tributaries (2nd half of the 20th century). The area of ​​irrigated land grew rapidly (in the late 1950s it was about 1 million hectares, in the mid-1960s - about 2 million hectares, in 1980 - 3.2 million hectares, in 2000 - 4.7 million hectares). As a result, the flow of the Amu Darya below the zone of its formation has sharply decreased and in dry years it does not reach the Aral Sea. The decrease in flow led to drying out and degradation of the delta and contributed to a catastrophic decrease in the level of the Aral Sea.

In the lower reaches the river freezes. The waters are characterized by high turbidity (3300 g/m3); in terms of its value, the Amu Darya occupies one of the leading places among the rivers of the world. The river is characterized by the “daigish” phenomenon, which is the destruction of the banks.

The waters of the Amu Darya are almost completely used for economic needs, especially for irrigation. This is facilitated by the regulation of flow by the Tyuyamuyun, Takhiatash and other hydroelectric complexes (the useful volume in the A. basin exceeded 20 km 3), as well as the intake of water into the Karakum (12–14 km 3 / year) and Amu-Bukhara (more than 2 km 3 / year) channels. A significant part of the runoff in the lower reaches of the river consists of return water from irrigated fields, which caused the salinization of river waters and an increase in their mineralization to 2 g/l or more, pollution with pesticides and other harmful substances. Using this water for domestic purposes is extremely dangerous for human health. The water management and hydroecological situation in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya, as well as throughout the Aral Sea region, is one of the most acute in the world. To overcome it, the concerted efforts of all countries in the Aral Sea basin, as well as the help of the world community, are required.

Fishing is widespread (shovelnose, spikenose, barbel, asp, carp, etc.). Navigable from Atamurat. The cities of Turkmenabat (Turkmenistan) are located on the Amu Darya, and not far from the river are Urgench, Termez, Nukus (Uzbekistan). The ancient states of Central Asia were located in the river basin - Khorezm (at the mouth), Sogdiana and Bactria (in the middle and upper reaches). In the Middle Ages and later, a trade route ran along the Amu Darya from Rus' to Khorezm and Bukhara (via Astrakhan, the Emba River, along the Aral Sea).

The Amudarya River is the largest river in Central Asia, one of the symbols of Uzbekistan. In the Middle Ages, the river had other names: Jeyhun in the Muslim world, Oxus among European peoples. The length of the river from the mountains of Tajikistan right up to the drying Aral Sea reaches 1,415 km, and the basin area is 310 thousand km2. Find out where it leaks here.

The Amu Darya is formed as a result of the confluence of the Vakhsh and Pyanj, then flows along the Uzbek-Afghan and Turkmen border. In the middle course, three right-bank tributaries flow into it - Sherabad, Surkhandarya, Kafirnigan, as well as one left-bank tributary. From here, not a single river flows into the Amu Darya to the Aral Sea.

Nutrition comes from glacial meltwater. Flowing through flat fertile land, the river loses huge volumes of water for irrigation, as a result of which the Aral Sea does not receive enough liquid to stop shallowing.

Fishing on the Amu Darya and other tourist attractions

Fishing on the Amu Darya is developed and loved by local residents. In the waters of one of the muddiest rivers on earth there are such species of fish as salmon, carp, asp, and barbel. The population of the latter is so large that it allows fish to be caught on an industrial scale. Recreational fishing without restrictions continues from May to October.

In addition to barbel, in the upper reaches there is osman, which has related roots with trout. For tourists, local residents are ready to organize amazing trips along the river bed from the mountains of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan to the drying Aral Sea. Who wants to order.

The Amu Darya attracts rafting enthusiasts. Just a few hours drive from Samarkand, Karshi, and you find yourself at the camp site, where extreme expeditions start. Peak season is September and October.

In the 2500-year-old Termez, next to which the Amu Darya runs, you can go to explore unique sights. We recommend visiting the ancient settlement of Airtam, Dalverzintepa, the Buddhist monastery of Kara-Tepe, the Kyrk-kyz palace, and the architectural ensemble of Sultan Saadat.

In Khiva and Urgench, located near the Amu Darya delta in the western part of Uzbekistan, you can plunge into the world of an oriental fairy tale. Khiva is a city included by UNESCO in the register of world cultural heritage. Ancient rickety minarets, majestic khan's palaces, rich merchant houses, adobe slums - everything is incredibly harmoniously combined here.

In Urgench, the hometown of Anna German, you can complete your journey along the Amu Darya by visiting the Avesta monument, unique history museums and ancient settlements near the city.

Amudarya River

(Tajikistan-Turkmenistan-Uzbekistan)

The sources of this great Central Asian river lie, strictly speaking, outside the CIS. From the slopes of the sky-high Hindu Kush ridge in Afghanistan, from under a glacier located at almost a five-kilometer altitude, a stream flows, swift and turbulent due to the steepness of the fall. In its lower reaches, it has already become a small river and is called Vakhandarya. A little lower, Vakhandarya merges with the river The Pamir takes a new name - Pyanj, and for a long time becomes a border river, separating the three Central Asian republics of the CIS from Afghanistan.

Most of the right bank of the Pyanj is occupied by Tajikistan. The river gnaws through rocky ridges in this area, has a rapid current and is absolutely unsuitable for either navigation or irrigation. It’s just a stormy white stream in the abyss, and even the roads along it have to be laid in places on concrete cornices hanging over Pyanj.

The mountains of Tajikistan tirelessly feed the river with meltwater from glaciers flowing from their slopes. Gunt, Murgab, Kyzylsu and Vakhsh, having flowed into Pyanj, make it so full of water that below Vakhsh, having finally changed its name to Amu Darya, the river already carries more water than the famous Nile.

But even before this, the “Central Asian Volga” meets on its way the first curiosity that nature has scattered along its banks with a generous hand. On the right bank of the Pyanj, just above the confluence of the Kyzylsu, rises the unusual, one-of-a-kind mountain Khoja-Mumin, consisting of... pure table salt.

Geologists call such formations “salt domes.” They are found in many places in the world: off the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, in Iraq, in the Caspian region, but everywhere they are more like hills - their height does not exceed tens, or at most hundreds of meters. And KhojaMumin is a real mountain peak with steep slopes, gorges and even caves. The height of this extraordinary mountain is one thousand three hundred meters! Rising nine hundred meters above the surrounding plain, it is visible for tens of kilometers.

The surrounding residents have been mining salt here since ancient times. Now science has managed to unravel many of the secrets of this mysterious natural anomaly. Khoja-Mumin, it turns out, is a huge massif composed of salt, and at the top and in places on the slopes covered with a thin layer of soil formed from dust brought by the wind. At ground level, the area of ​​the massif reaches forty square kilometers, and further down the salt column sharply narrows and goes to depth in the form of a column with a diameter of about a kilometer.

The slopes of the mountain are not white, as one might expect, but pale pink, greenish or bluish, depending on the impurities trapped in the salt layer. In some places they break off with sheer walls up to two hundred meters high. In some areas of the slopes, rainwater washed deep caves with huge halls and beautiful smooth-walled passages. And the places where the soil cover has formed are covered with low thickets of thorny bushes.

Hidden in the depths of the mountain are gigantic reserves of table salt - about sixty billion tons. If it were divided among all the inhabitants of the Earth, each would receive almost ten tons! Penetrating deep into the thickness of the mountain, rain streams dug long tunnels and wells into them and, having passed right through the mountain, emerge at its foot to the surface in the form of unusual salty springs. Their waters, merging, form many (more than a hundred!) salty streams running across the plain to the nearby Kyzylsu. In summer, under the hot rays of the sun, part of the water in the streams evaporates along the way, and a white salt border forms along their banks. As a result, a peculiar semi-desert landscape is formed, reminiscent of science fiction films about Mars: a brown, scorched plain along which poisonous-reddish watercourses with lifeless whitish banks meander.

Surprisingly, but true: on the flat top of Mount Khoja-Mumin there are several sources of absolutely fresh water! Geologists say that it is possible that layers of other, insoluble rocks are sandwiched within the thickness of the salt dome. It is along them that, under pressure from below, the water rises to the top, without coming into contact with the layers of salt and maintaining a fresh taste.

Thanks to her, grasses grow on the mountain (of course, only where there is soil). And in the spring, among the rocks sparkling with snow-white salt crystals, scarlet carpets of tulips appear on the top of the mountain.

Having left the borders of Tajikistan, the full-flowing Amu Darya receives the last major tributary, the Surkhandarya, on Uzbek territory and rapidly rushes further to the west. Behind us is the green city of Termez with its unique, southernmost zoo in the CIS. Here, at the latitude of India, the warm climate allows even elephants to live in the fresh air all year round, without knowing stuffy enclosures. True, polar bears have a hard time here. They are saved only by the icy mountain water in the pool.

Having parted with Uzbekistan, the Amu Darya soon says goodbye to the left-bank plains of Afghanistan, turning to the northwest and entering the territory of Turkmenistan on both banks. From here, two thousand kilometers, all the way to the Aral Sea, it flows along the border of the two main Central Asian deserts: Kyzylkum and Karakum. From the city of Chardzhou, where the first (and only) bridge across the wide river was built, motor ships are already running along the Amu Darya.

The countries lying along the banks of the river - Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan - use the waters of the generous Amu Darya to irrigate their cotton fields and orchards. To the right, to the Uzbek Bukhara, the Amu-Bukhara Canal is laid, and to the left, into the sultry sands of the Karakum Desert, the wide navigable channel of the Karakum Canal, or the Karakum River, as it is also called, goes.

The Karakum Desert occupies three quarters of the vast territory of Turkmenistan. When you fly over it on an airplane, below you see an endless sea of ​​golden sands with green beads of oases scattered here and there.

And from the south, the border of Turkmenistan is high mountains. From there, two large rivers run down to the plain - Tedzhen and Murgab. They flow for several hundred kilometers across the country, irrigating the surrounding lands, until they are finally “drinked up” by numerous canals-aryks. Ancient agricultural civilizations existed in these places before our era; the most valuable fine-fiber cotton, luxurious melons, fragrant juicy apples and grapes are grown here and now.

Nature has generously endowed Turkmenistan with fertile lands, but, as the local proverb says, “in the desert it is not the earth that gives birth, but the water,” and that is precisely what is lacking. And hundreds of thousands of hectares of excellent land lay scorched by the sun, deserted and barren.

The Karakum River changed life in Turkmenistan. The canal route stretches for one thousand two hundred kilometers across the entire republic. He filled the Murgab and Tejen oases, Ashgabat, Bakharden, Kizyl-Arvat and Kazandzhik with Amudarya water. Further, to the oil workers' city of Nebit-Dag, water flowed through the pipeline. The land of the Karakum now produces cotton and vegetables, watermelons and melons, grapes and fruits.

And the Amu Darya runs further - to the fertile gardens and cotton fields of the ancient Khorezm oasis stretching beyond the horizon. The power and width of the huge water artery in these places is simply amazing, especially after a two-three-day trip by train or car across a dry, waterless plain.

Already near Turtkul the river is so wide that the opposite bank is barely visible in the distant haze. A gigantic mass of water rushes towards the Aral Sea with enormous speed and power. Slanting, some irregular, although quite high waves constantly rise on the surface of the Amu Darya. This is not a wave that is blown by the wind, it is the river itself that oscillates and boils from fast running along an uneven bottom. In some places the water boils, foams and bubbles, as if in a boiling cauldron. In some places, whirlpools form on it, drawing in fragments of boards or bundles of reeds floating along the river. In the evening, in the slanting rays of the setting sun, their ominous spirals are visible from afar from the deck of the ship on the river surface shining from the sunset light.

It is not surprising that the channel laid by the Amu Darya among the low-lying plain is not always able to hold this wayward flow within its banks. Here and there the river suddenly begins to wash away the bank, usually the right one. Block after block, huge pieces of loose rock that make up the plain begin to fall into the water. At the same time, they produce a deafening roar, reminiscent of a cannon shot. No force can hold back the furious pressure of the river.

The Amu Darya has long been famous for its whims. It is known that in the old days it flowed into the Caspian Sea. Then it changed its direction and began to pour into the Aral Sea. Its ancient channel, called the Uzboy, can still be traced in the sands of the Karakum Desert, and in the Krasnovodsk Bay on the Caspian Sea you can easily find a place where all the signs of a large river flowing into the sea have been preserved.

Even the Arab medieval historian al-Masudi said that in the 9th century large ships with goods descended along the Uzboy from Khorezm to the Caspian Sea, and from there sailed up the Volga, or to Persia and the Shirvan Khanate.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the Amu Darya was divided in the area of ​​​​the current river delta into two branches: one of them, the eastern one, flowed into the Aral Sea and the western one into the Caspian Sea. The latter gradually shallowed and dried out until, in 1545, it was finally covered with moving sand dunes.

Since then, the once densely populated area along the banks of the Uzboy has become a desert, and only the ruins of ancient cities remind of the quarrelsome nature of the capricious and violent river.

Actually, the channel changed periodically even above the delta - starting from the steeply bending Tuya-Muyun ("Camel's Neck") gorge. The river flow here is fast, the banks are composed of loose clays and sands, easily washed away by water. Sometimes a continuous zone of deigish stretches for several kilometers along one of the banks - this is what they call the destructive work of the river here. It happens that in three to four weeks of high water, the Amu Darya “licks away” up to half a kilometer of the coastline. It is very difficult to fight this scourge.

Even in the 20th century, catastrophic situations occurred in the lower reaches of the river. So, in 1925, the Amu Darya began to erode the right bank in the area of ​​​​the then capital of the Karakalpak Autonomous Republic of Uzbekistan - the city of Turtkul. In seven years, by 1932, the river “ate” eight kilometers of the coast and came close to the outskirts of Turtkul, and in 1938 it washed away the first quarters of the city. The capital of the republic had to be moved to the city of Nukus. Meanwhile, the Amu Darya continued to do its dirty work, and in 1950 it did away with the last street of Turtkul. The city ceased to exist, and its inhabitants were moved to a new town built further from the river.

But finally, the lands of ancient Khorezm stretching along the left bank were left behind, the domes and minarets of the pearl of Central Asia - the unique Khiva, disappeared in the haze, which, like no other Asian city, has preserved the flavor of the Middle Ages, not disturbed by typical modern buildings. In this regard, even the famous Samarkand and Bukhara cannot be compared with Khiva.

And the Amu Darya hurries forward to the Aral Sea. However, before flowing into its light blue expanse, the wild river presents another surprise: it spreads into a dozen channels and forms one of the largest river deltas in the world - with an area of ​​​​more than eleven thousand square kilometers.

There is no exact map of this huge tangle of riverbeds, channels, canals, islands and swampy reed jungles. Since the fickle river changes its course every now and then, some channels dry up, others, previously dry, fill with water, the outlines of the islands, capes and bends of the river change, so that it is impossible to cultivate the lands of the delta, despite the presence of water. Here lies the kingdom of tugai - dense thickets of two-three-meter reeds and bushes, where even the formidable Turanian tigers lived fifty years ago. And even now the tugai forest is a real paradise for birds, turtles, wild boars and muskrats that were recently brought here. Fishermen sometimes pull out two-meter catfish on a spinning rod.

And beyond the green sea of ​​the Tugai, the Aral, suffering from lack of water, awaits the Amu Darya, which has almost completely lost its recharge from the waters of the Syr Darya, the second most important river in this region. Almost all of its water is used for irrigation, and it flows into the Aral Sea only during high water. So Amu Darya has to water the drying sea alone.

This is how this amazing river with three names, which has fed three CIS republics, ends its journey from the distant glaciers of the Hindu Kush. To be precise, over two and a half thousand kilometers of its tireless running we saw three different rivers: a mad mountain stream, a mighty water artery in the endless desert and a web of channels in the reed labyrinths of the delta. This changeable, formidable and fertile river, which four countries and five peoples call by the ancient name Amu Darya, will remain in the memory as diverse and unusual.

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (AM) by the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (KR) by the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (MA) by the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (MU) by the author TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (OB) by the author TSB

Ma (river) Ma, Song Ma, a river in northern Vietnam and Laos. The length is about 400 km.

It originates on the slopes of the Shamshao ridge and flows into Bakbo Bay, forming a delta. High water in July - August; in the lower reaches it is navigable. The Delta is densely populated. On M. - Thanh Hoa city TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (TA) by the author

Mur (river) Mur, Mura (Mur, Mura), a river in Austria and Yugoslavia, in the lower reaches of the Mura there is a section of the border between Yugoslavia and Hungary; left tributary of the Drava (Danube basin). The length is 434 km, the basin area is about 15 thousand km2. In the upper reaches it flows in a narrow valley, below the city of Graz - along the plain. TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (UF) by the author

Ob (river) Ob, one of the largest rivers in the USSR and the globe; the third most water-bearing river (after the Yenisei and Lena) in the Soviet Union. Formed by the merger of pp. Biya and Katun in Altai, crosses the territories of Western Siberia from the south to the north and flows into the Ob Bay of the Kara Sea. Length TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (CHI) by the author

Taz (river) Taz, a river in the Yamalo-Nenets National District of the Tyumen Region of the RSFSR, partially on the border with the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Length 1401 km, basin area 150 thousand km 2. TSB

It originates on the Sibirskie Uvaly, flows into the Tazovskaya Bay of the Kara Sea in several branches. Flowing TSB

Chir (river) Chir, a river in the Rostov region of the RSFSR (lower reaches in the Volgograd region), a right tributary of the Don. Length 317 km, basin area 9580 km2.

It originates on the Donskaya ridge and flows into the Tsimlyanskoye Reservoir. The food is predominantly snowy. Flood at the end of March - TSB

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (YL) by the author

Ems (river) Ems (Erns), a river in the north-west. Germany. Length 371 km, basin area 12.5 thousand km2.

It originates on the southwestern slopes of the Teutoburg Forest mountains, flows through the North German Lowland, flows into Dollart Bay of the North Sea, forming an estuary 20 km long.

Average water consumption From the author's book River A river is a watercourse of significant size, flowing in a natural channel and collecting water from the surface and underground flow of its drainage basin. The river begins at the source and is further divided into three sections: upper reaches, middle reaches and lower reaches, ; the name was transferred by the Arabs from South. Turkey (see also Syrdarya). From the XIV-XV centuries. local usage includes the name Amu Darya. This hydronym is derived from the name of the city of Amul located on the river. (Amu, Amu, modern Chardzhou) , and its name goes back to the ancient ethnonym Amarada; Iran. , Turk, Daria - "big deep river". In Russia, the name Amu Darya began to be used from the end of the 17th century.

V. Cm.

also Aral Sea, Vakhsh, Jeykhun, Zorkul, Kelifsky Uzboy, Muynak, Turtkul, Khorezm region.

Geographical names of the world: Toponymic dictionary.

- M: AST. Pospelov E.M.

2001.

AMUDARYA river in Sr. Asia, length 1415 km (from the source of Pyanj - 2540 km). The source is on the slopes of the Hindu Kush, it gets its name after merging with the Vakhsh. Most of the basin is within the Pamirs, then flows through the Turan Lowland through desert areas, often changing its course. It flows into the Aral Sea in branches, forming a delta. The spring-summer flood does not reach the sea in some years. It freezes in the lower reaches. The main tributaries are Gunt, Bartang, Kyzylsu, Surkhandarya, Kunduz. Used for irrigation. Concise geographical dictionary. EdwART. 2008. Amudarya Amu Darya , the largest river in Central Asia . Formed by the confluence of rivers Panj And. The riverbed is subject to wandering. In the recent past, there was a flow to the west: the dry river bed remained. Uzboy and an ancient delta on the shores of the Caspian Sea. Over a long distance, the border (between Afghanistan and Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan), the lower reaches and the delta in Karakalpakstan(Uzbekistan). Basic tributaries Kafirnigan , Surkhandarya , Sherabad (right) and Surkhab (left). Below the city of Kerki, where the water flow is approx. 2000 m³/s, does not receive tributaries, the runoff is intensively used for irrigation and its value is constantly decreasing both downstream and over time. If in the 1st half of the 20th century. avg. The water flow at the mouth was 1400 m³/s, then by the end of the 80s the river in the delta began to dry up. The food is glacial and snow. Flood from the end of March - beginning of April until the second ten days of October, max. expenses in early July. The sediment discharge (on average near the city of Kerki is 6900 kg/s) is the largest among the rivers of Central Asia and one of the first in the world. Ice cover forms on Wednesday. flow only in cold winters, and in the lower. during most winters (usually from December 19 to January 2). In the delta there was a large number of small lakes, channels, wetlands, and tugai thickets, which have recently disappeared, with the exception of those lakes that began to receive recharge from collector waters. The river flow is regulated by a number of hydraulic structures, incl. Tyuyamuyun and Takhiatash (over-regulated over 90%). Main cities and marinas: Termez , Kerki and Chardzhou, not far from the river – Urgench . Ship from the city of Chardzhou and along the Karakum Canal. Developed fish. Near the city of Termez on the Aral-Paigambarsky reserve sq. 3093 ha, avg. flow Amudarya and Kyzylkum nature reserves (10,140 hectares), in the right bank delta the Badai-Tugai nature reserve. Due to the flow of return irrigation water, the river to the lower reaches is significantly polluted, mineralization near the city. Nukus exceeds 2 g/l.

Dictionary of modern geographical names. - Ekaterinburg: U-Factoria. Under the general editorship of academician. V. M. Kotlyakova. 2006 .

2001.

(Amu-Darya, Oks, Balkh, Jeyhun, Amu, Akdarya, Engineer-Uzyak), the river, the largest in Central Asia. Serves as Afghanistan's border with Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. In the middle reaches - in Turkmenistan, in the lower reaches - the border of Turkmenistan with Uzbekistan, the lower reaches and delta - in Uzbekistan. Formed by the merger of pp. Panj and Vakhsh. It collects water from the Pamir-Alai mountain system and reaches the plain to the west of the ridge. Kugitangtau, crosses the deserts of the Turan lowland. and flows into the Aral Sea, forming a vast delta. The riverbed is subject to wandering. Dl. 1415 km, together with the river. Pyanj and Vakhandarya – 2620 km, pl. bass. 309 thousand km². Basic tributaries: Kafirnigan, Surkhandarya, Sherabad (right) and Surkhob (left). Water consumption near Kerki is approx. 2000 m³/s. Below the city of Kerki there are no tributaries, water is intensively used for irrigation, and its flow is constantly decreasing downstream. Water was used especially quickly for irrigation in 1960–80. From the end 1980s the river reaches the Aral only in certain years. The food is glacial and snow. High water from the horse. March - beginning April to the 2nd ten days of October. The highest expenses in the beginning. July. The water is very cloudy. Wed. sediment flow near the city of Kerki is 6900 kg/s (the largest for the rivers of Central Asia and one of the largest in the world). Freeze-up 2 months. In the channel of the Amu Darya are the Tyuyamuyun and Takhiatash hydroelectric complexes. The flow regulation exceeds more than 90%. Ch. cities and marinas: Termez, Kerki and Chardzhou. Shipping from Chardzhou and along the Karakum Canal. Fishing. Due to the flow of return irrigation water into the river to the lower reaches, the water becomes significantly saline and polluted; mineralization near the city of Nukus exceeds 2 g/l.

Geography. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Edited by prof. A. P. Gorkina. 2006 .

See what "AMUDARYA" is in other dictionaries:

Persian. آمودریا‎ ... Wikipedia

Amu, Oks, Balkh. River in Central Asia. 1415 km, basin area 309 thousand km2 (up to the city of Kerki). Formed by the merger of Pyanj and Vakhsh; flows into the Aral Sea, forming a delta (during low-water periods it does not reach it). The average water consumption near the city of Kerki is about... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Modern encyclopedia

- (Amu, Oks, Balkh), river in Sr. Asia. 1415 km, basin area 309 thousand km2 (up to the city of Kerki). Formed by the merger of Pyanj and Vakhsh; flows into the Aral Sea, forming a delta (during low-water periods it does not reach it). The average water consumption near the city of Kerki is approx.... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Amu Darya- (Amu, Oxus, Balkh), a river in Central Asia (partially along the border of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan and Afghanistan). It is formed by the confluence of the Pyanj and Vakhsh rivers. Length 1415 km (from the source of Pyanj 2540 km). Headwaters on the slopes of the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan; falls into... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

I Amudarya (“Amu Darya”) literary and artistic magazine. Published in Nukus in the Karakalpak language. Organ of the Writers' Union of the Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Published since 1932 (with a break in 1941 55). The original name was “Miynet Edebiyaty”... ...

Amu Darya- a river that flows into the Aral Sea; Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, partly along the border with Afghanistan. Other Greek is mentioned. and Rome by authors of the 1st and 2nd centuries. n. e. as Oke or Oxus; name Greekized form of the local name Okuz from ... ... Toponymic dictionary

Amu Darya- (Amu Darya)Amu Darya, a large river in Central Asia with a length of 2542 km, formed as a result of the confluence of the Pyanj and Vakhsh rivers, which originate in the Pamirs. Leaking in the west direction 270 km along the north. Afghanistan border, A. turns to N... Countries of the world. Dictionary

"AMUDARYA"- “AMUDARYA”, a literary, artistic and socio-political monthly magazine in the Karakalpak language. Organ of the SP of the Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Ed. in Nukus from 1932 (until 1934 under the name “Literature of Labor”) ... Literary encyclopedic dictionary

Amu Darya (until 1962 - Samsonovo), an urban-type settlement in the Khodzhambas district of the Turkmen SSR, on the right bank of the Amu Darya, 3 km from the river. Railway station on the line Karshi - Termez. 4.7 thousand inhabitants (1968). Enterprises D. transport. Karakul-vodsky… Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Books

• St. Andrew's flag over the Barkhanes. Participation of Russian sailors in the conquest of Central Asia, Katorin Yu.. The book introduces little-known aspects of the conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire - the participation of the Navy in this. It tells about the history of the creation of the Aral Flotilla, as well as…