What is shown on the map - the routes of the most important journeys. Travels of Doctor Etceterini. Maps of visited regions by country

“Great geographical discoveries of modern times” - Great - At the feet of a pedestrian, And a droplet point - In the Universe. Pharaohs. Cook????????? 2. The ancient Egyptians built majestic... Kuk. Columbus. The Earth spins from sunrise to sunrise. Columbus's landing on the shores of America. And castles. Ancient Rome. Christopher Columbus. 1519 - 1522. The new century is the century of technical inventions.

“The Age of Discovery” - What is the significance of the Age of Discovery? James Cook 1768 Marco Polo 13th century. Routes of the most important travels. Vasco Balboa 1513 Age of Great Geographical Discoveries. Answer the questions: Ferdinand Magellan 1520 Normans (Vikings) 10th century. Abdel Tasman 1644 Vasco da Gama May 20, 1498

"Discoveries" - Destruction of the virtual world of the church. The invisible hand of the market. Sugar, cotton, coffee, and cocoa were cultivated. Humanism was the most important ideological prerequisite for nationalism. The result of the Great Geographical Discoveries and the beginning of the 15th - mid-17th centuries. Thus, in 1640 the first English fortress was founded in. India - Fort St.

"Discovery of the Earth" - One of the most famous explorers in Africa. Fridtjof Nansen is one of the greatest Norwegian travelers. Give examples of the connection between physical and economic geography? During the lesson, complete the following table. F. Nansen. F. Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world. News of the Spanish discovery of new lands in the west stimulated the efforts of the Portuguese.

"The Story of the Discovery of the Earth" - Satellite (MODIS) photograph of the Strait of Magellan. Primitive people and nature. CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, portrait by an unknown artist of the 16th century. IGDA/G. Ferdinand Magellan. Washington. Antonio Pigafetta. Middle Ages. Columbus's name on the world map. In 1519-21 he led a Spanish expedition to find a western route to the Moluccas.

“Development of Russian territories” - Geographical objects studied and discovered from the 11th to the 20th centuries. Tests for verification. B) to the third. B) Siberia, Ural Mountains, Irtysh, Ob. B) XIX-XX centuries. B) to the fifth. Geographical objects studied and discovered from the 11th to the 20th centuries. A) Chilly Sea, Murmansk coast, Karelian coast. Questions to check. How the territory of Russia was developed and studied.

There are 6 presentations in total

⇡ Tripline.net

Using this site, you can create exciting interactive videos that show your movements on Google Maps. They look like this: a red line sequentially runs from one point to another, indicating your route. At key points, the movement stops to allow the viewer to read information and watch a slideshow of photographs; all this is accompanied by a musical composition. At any time you can pause viewing, switch to manual mode and change the scale of the surface.

Travel map created with Tripline.net

To create a map, you must log in to the site using your account (registration is only supported through Facebook). After this, you should click the Create a new map button, which is located next to the search line. There are three ways to create a map:

Let's take a closer look at the manual editing option. At the first stage, you need to enter the name of the map, its type (trip, hike, cruise, etc. - more than twenty options in English), the place where you visited (for example, Europe or Africa), privacy settings (personal, for friends, public ) and check other options.

Creating a new map in Tripline.net

The next step is to add the key points that make up the journey. The starting point is your Facebook location and can be edited or deleted. You need to add new places using the add places button - they will be marked on the map with numbers 1, 2, 3, and so on. You can do this in three ways: by searching for settlements on Google Maps, by entering geographic coordinates, and manually by dragging a placemark on the map. However, in the same way you can change the position of points added automatically. For each point, not only the location is indicated, but also the date, time of visit and information such as name, description, personal notes, as well as how to display it in the video: stop at it, drive past or view a slide show. You are free to determine how many points you need to fix in the route - however, it is worth keeping in mind that the service lays straight lines between them, without taking into account either roads or obstacles, and if you want to demonstrate the complexity and tortuosity of the route, you will have to create many points at every turn of the road.

Editing a point on the map in Tripline.net

Before saving the map, you can edit the information about it again and select a melody that will accompany the viewing. Unfortunately, you cannot upload your own sound file - you have to be content with a choice of more than ten standard compositions: African motifs, jazz, indie and others. Adding photos is done after the map has been created by clicking on the camera icon in the point options. You can upload photos from your computer or import them from online albums on Facebook, Instagram, Flickr, and Picasa. Comments are also added to place descriptions.

Adding travel photos to Tripline.net

⇡ Tripster.ru

This is a Russian service whose goal is to help organize independent travel. Here you can find questions and answers from travelers, search for flights and hotels, and in your profile you can mark the cities you have already visited and where you are planning to travel. Registration is carried out in several steps. On the first of them you need to check the boxes next to the cities visited in Russia, Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America. Only the most popular cities are displayed; you can add the rest later.

Registration on Tripster.ru. First step

When you click the “Get card” button, you go to the second step, where you need to enter your profile data - e-mail, page address on the service (type tripster.ru/user), first name, last name and name of your city. After this, you can proceed to bulk adding marks near all visited places: in this mode, a Google Maps map and a list of settlements corresponding to a given scale level are displayed. If the European part of Russia is in the center, then the list will include Moscow, St. Petersburg and others, and if Siberia - then Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk and so on. A regular search using city names also works.

Adding cities to Tripster.ru

The finished travel map can be viewed on your profile, as well as embedded in a blog or personal website. To do this, you need to copy the HTML code of the card in the settings. It displays a section of Google Maps with labels, and above the map there is a plate with approximately the following information: “the user was in 28 cities and 7 countries,” and you can switch to more detailed statistics, including the place and result among all users of the service. In addition, you can embed a button on your website with similar information, but without a map.

Map from Tripster.ru inserted into a post by a LiveJournal user

The service also allows you to mark cities you want to visit and collect various information about upcoming trips. You can use these features to organize future trips.

⇡ Flagatrip.ru

Another Russian service where a large amount of information from travelers is posted. You can mark places visited, post travel reports and plan future events, upload photos and videos, and share reviews. The site has well-developed elements of social networks - you can view the profiles of other users, add friends, and join communities. After completing the registration procedure, you can begin creating your card. To do this, go to your profile and click the “Create and Edit” link.

Creating a trip map on Flagatrip.ru

First, you can add or change your current place of residence and one by one indicate the places where you have been. When you enter a name, they are selected from a list; as elsewhere, the Google Maps cartographic database is used. Please note that adding visited places does not only happen here - they can also be marked when creating reports. Generating a report takes place in several steps. On the first one, you need to select the start and end dates of the trip, mark its type (hitchhiking, trip with children, bicycle, etc.), enter the points of departure and destination, and there may be several of the latter - you can put a tick on them “was passing through”. For each point, you should note the type of transport that was used for movement (they are presented in the form of icons - plane, car, bus, boat, etc.), and at destinations you can also indicate the hotels where you stayed.

Creating a trip report on Flagastrip.ru

On the second step to the report tags are added, and on the third - a description is entered. It includes the title of the report, information about the trip (the visual text editor allows you to highlight the font, insert links, emoticons, photos, videos and tables), individual facts and a folder with relevant photographs. After clicking the “Done!” button a report will be created, and markers of the listed points will appear on your map. You can customize the map size (small, medium, large or custom) and copy the HTML code to embed on your website or LiveJournal, LiveInternet, Blogspot blog. You can also copy the code for the button “I visited so many countries” or “I visited so many places in so many countries.”

User profile Flagatrip.ru

Places you have visited are marked on the map with flags. This is not the only category of objects - in addition to locations, the map may contain icons of hotels, attractions, restaurants, entertainment, events, and active recreation. You can switch between them using the buttons in the top right row. To add such an object to the map, you need to leave a review indicating the name, location, rating and description. If you did this first, you will receive the status of the discoverer of this place. Reviews are available for viewing by other users in the “Guide Guides” section, where, through the efforts of travelers, a significant information base has been formed. Useful information from it can be added to “Favorites”. In addition to reviews, you can post photos and videos. Another feature worth mentioning is the ability to plan future trips in a similar way to reporting on existing ones.

⇡ Marshruty.ru

This site is a community of traveling people. It contains a large amount of reference information, topographic maps, books, routes, a calendar of events, searches for places, schedules and tickets, hotels, a forum and services such as an online store of tourist equipment, car rental. Among the functions is the ability to create reports on the routes taken and a map of your travels. Registration is quite unusual: you need to correctly answer at least three out of five geographical questions - where is Kamchatka, Baikal and the like. Interestingly, to answer you need to set a marker on Google Maps; if you put it in the wrong place, you will be asked to choose one of four answer options.

Registration on Marshruty.ru. Passing the Geography Test

Once you have given the correct answers, you should complete the registration, then add at least five travel destinations by train or plane - this is necessary to create the initial travel map. Here you select the starting and ending points of the trip, as well as the type of transport. The service uses its own database of geographic objects, which is not as extensive as Google Maps, and you won’t find the most remote settlements on the list. What is noteworthy is that the routes are laid taking into account existing railways and airlines, the distance in kilometers is even shown (route diagrams of existing carrier companies are taken, and on some routes a link is provided to obtain more extensive information). Although if you specify a non-existent route (by train to the USA), then a straight line will be drawn between the two points. The only frustrating thing here is that the map does not take into account road traffic.

Adding initial travel directions to Marshruty.ru

By filling out your travel directions, you can mark the places you visited by simply indicating the cities, seas, rivers, mountains and caves you visited. Cities are grouped by region and country, and other objects are also divided by region. It is worth saying that there are significantly fewer of them in the directory than settlements (only the most famous ones are Volga, Everest and the like), and you will have to indicate the location of most of the conquered peaks and traversed rivers manually. To do this, you need to provide brief information about the object - type, name, description, where it is located - and mark the point on Google Maps. All added objects on your map (mountains, rivers, etc.) are highlighted with a symbolizing icon; visited regions will also be highlighted and the extreme points of travel on the four cardinal points will be marked.

Active traveler map on Marshruty.ru

You can generate not only a travel map, but also reports on the routes taken; links to them will be present in the description of added objects. A new route is added in several stages. First you need to enter the name, description, travel area, start and end dates, indicate the types of activities (cycling, diving, and so on). You can then edit the interactive route map. This is done either manually or by importing a ready-made track, which can be downloaded from a GPS navigator or created using Google Earth - wpt, gpx, kml and kmz formats are supported. If you are creating a route yourself, then you should add the places you visited one by one (these can be either settlements from the directory or “stops on the side of the road”) and draw a travel line. Switching to drawing mode is done by clicking on the map; you can create an unlimited number of points, forming a path trajectory. You can also link photos to the card. To do this, you need to add an album, upload pictures to it and associate them with a place, which is done automatically if they contain geotags in EXIF ​​information (there is also another function - combining images by date and time with a track from a GPS navigator), or manual mode, by marking a cross on the map for each photo.

The route report on Marshruty.ru is replete with various information

Unfortunately, created maps cannot be embedded on your website or blog - you can only share links to them. Site visitors have the opportunity to view your profile, which displays the number of countries, cities and other places visited, the total length of rail trips and air flights (in kilometers), and the extreme points reached.

⇡ Panoramio.com

Strictly speaking, Panoramio is not a service for travelers, but it is perfect for this role - however, only if you bring back heaps of pictures from your trips. This site, owned by Google, is designed to post photographs with geographic coordinates. The uploaded images will be displayed on your map in the places where they were taken, allowing you to assess the geography of your movement around the world. In addition, after verification by the moderator, the photos will be available for viewing by other users of the service, and will also be displayed in the Google Earth program when the “Images” layer is active.

You can log in to the site using your Google account. After this, you need to upload photos, they are also imported from Picasa Web Albums or Google+. If the file already contains geographic coordinates in the EXIF ​​information, the service will automatically detect them; otherwise, you need to link photos to Google Maps. To do this, you need to drag the marker to the appropriate place on the map (you can use the search) and click the “Done” button.

Linking photos to a map on Panoramio.com

You should know that the pictures will become publicly available after a certain amount of time required by the moderators - from a couple of hours to several days. In Google Earth, they then become visible when the database is updated, which happens several times a week. Regardless of whether your photos have been moderated or not, you can view your photos in both ways - on a map and in Google Earth by downloading a file with tags in kml format. The map will look something like the following screenshot - you can place a link to it wherever you want.

Of course, such a map cannot be made by the efforts of one person. But you need to strive for this

Similar functionality is present on the Yandex.Photos website with their “Photo on Map” service. If you are a Yandex supporter, you can just as easily use a similar solution from a domestic company.

⇡ Conclusion

To summarize this review, we cannot say for sure which of the services is the best for creating a travel map - they all use their own approach to accomplish this task. Tripline.net allows you to create vivid presentation videos about your trips. On Tripster.ru you can mark all the cities and countries you have visited. Flagatrip.ru is more of a social network where users publish reports and reviews. The Marshruty.ru service adheres to a certain scientific approach when analyzing travel. Finally, Panoramio.com will be useful for those who like to travel the world with a camera.

Routes of the most important travels GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES, a conventional term adopted mainly in historical literature, denoting the largest geographical discoveries of European travelers in the 15th to mid-17th centuries. In foreign literature, the period of the Great Geographical Discoveries is usually limited to the mid-15th to mid-16th centuries. Great geographical discoveries

The caravel is a symbol of the Great Geographical Discoveries. Great geographical discoveries became possible thanks to the successes of European science and technology. By the 15th century, sailing ships (caravels) that were reliable enough for ocean navigation were created, Great geographical discoveries

Walrus Tusk New trade routes also forced the search for Turkish conquests, which blocked traditional merchant ties with the East through the Mediterranean Sea. In overseas lands, Europeans hoped to find wealth: precious stones and metals, exotic goods and spices, ivory and walrus tusks. Great geographical discoveries

Coat of arms of Portugal The Portuguese were the first to launch systematic expeditions in the Atlantic Ocean. Portugal's activity at sea was predetermined by its geographical position in the far west of Europe and the historical conditions that developed after the end of the Portuguese Reconquista. Great geographical discoveries

Henry (Enrique) the Navigator Traditionally, Portugal's successes at sea are associated with the name of Prince Henry the Navigator (). He was not only an organizer of sea expeditions, but also seriously engaged in the development of open lands.

Azores In 1416, the Portuguese sailor G. Velho, following south along Africa, discovered the Canary Islands; in 1419, the Portuguese nobles Zarco and Vaz Teixeira discovered the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo; in 1431, V. Cabral, the Azores. Great geographical discoveries

Diogo Can in the Congo During the 15th century, Portuguese caravels explored the sea route along the western coast of Africa, reaching increasingly southern latitudes. In the years Diogo Can (Cao) crossed the equator, opened the mouth of the Congo River and walked along the coast of Africa to Cape Cross. Kahn discovered the Namibian deserts, thereby refuting the legend that had existed since the time of Ptolemy about the impassability of the tropics. Great geographical discoveries

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, portrait by an unknown artist of the 16th century. In 1492, after the capture of Granada and the completion of the reconquista, the Spanish King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella accepted the project of the Genoese navigator Christopher Columbus () to reach the shores of India, sailing to the west.

Coin 1 colon with the profile of Columbus The Columbus project had many opponents, but it received the support of scientists at the University of Salamansa, the most famous in Spain, and, no less significantly, among the business people of Seville.

Christopher Columbus (g.g.) From the Canary Islands, Columbus headed west. On October 12, 1492, after a month of sailing in the open ocean, the fleet approached a small island from the group of Bahamas, then named San Salvador.

Second Expedition Subsequently, Columbus made three more voyages to America in 2010, during which part of the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Trinidad, etc. were discovered; part of the Atlantic coast of Central and South America was surveyed.

Columbus with an anchor and his noble coat of arms For his great discoveries, Columbus was granted a noble coat of arms by the Spanish monarch, on which “the castle of Castile and the lion of Leon were adjacent to images of the islands he discovered, as well as anchors symbols of the admiral’s title.” Columbus's personal coat of arms

Vasco da Gama Returning to Portugal in September 1499, Vasco da Gama was greeted with great honor, received a large monetary reward and the title "Admiral of the Indian Ocean", as well as the title of Don and the cities of Sines and Vila Nova de Milfontes as his fief. In 1519 he received the title of Count of Vidigueira.

PORTRAIT OF VASCO DA GAMA Later he was in India twice more. Died in Cochin (India) on December 24. The ashes were transported to Portugal and buried in the small church of Quinta do Carmo in Alentejo. In 1880, the ashes were transferred to the Jeronimite Monastery in Lisbon.

John Cabot In Spain and Portugal, marine expeditions were equipped every year, which made overseas voyages and discovered new lands. Other European countries also became interested in overseas countries. Over the years, England equipped expeditions led by the Italian navigator John Cabot, who reached the shores of North America near the island of Newfoundland. Great geographical discoveries

Pedro Alvares Cabral In 1500, the Portuguese squadron under the command of Pedro Cabral, heading to India, was greatly diverted by the equatorial current and reached Brazil, which Cabral mistook for an island. Then he continued his voyage, circumnavigated Africa and proceeded through the Mozambique Channel to India. Like previous travelers, Cabral considered the land he discovered in the west to be part of Asia. Great geographical discoveries

Alonso de Ojeda In an 18th-century engraving. The travels of the navigator Amerigo Vespucci were important for understanding the essence of the discovery of Christopher Columbus. Over the years, he made four trips to the shores of America, first as part of a Spanish expedition led by Alonso Ojeda, and then under the Portuguese flag. Great geographical discoveries

Amerigo Vespucci Having compared the data received, and Spanish and Portuguese navigators discovered the entire northern coast of South America and its eastern coast up to 25° south latitude, Vespucci came to the conclusion that the discovered lands were not Asia, but a new continent, and proposed calling it the “New World.” "

John Cabot's explorations in North America were continued by his son Sebastian Cabot. During his years leading English expeditions, he tried to find the so-called Northwest Passage to India and managed to reach Hudson Bay. Having failed to find a short route to India, England showed little interest in the open lands overseas. Hudson Bay Great geographical discoveries

The difference between America and Asia was finally confirmed by Ferdinand Magellan, who carried out the first circumnavigation of the world (), which became practical evidence of the sphericity of the Earth. Fernand Magellan

A ship from Magellan's fleet. Image 1523 An expedition led by Magellan explored the southeastern part of South America, discovered the strait between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans (the Strait of Magellan) and sailed through the southern part of the Pacific Ocean. Great geographical discoveries

Cordova, Calahorra Tower In the years, the Spanish conquistadors J. Ponce de Leon, F. Cordova, J. Grijalva discovered the entire eastern coast of South and Central America, the Gulf Coast, and the Florida Peninsula. Great geographical discoveries

Map of the hike. Expedition to Mexico Great geographical discoveries

Map of California in the 17th century. The territory is depicted as an island. The search for gold, the mythical country of Eldorado, led the conquistadors far into the interior of the American continent. In the years, Sebastian Cabot, who switched to Spanish service, explored the lower reaches of the Parana River and discovered the lower reaches of the Paraguay River.

Francisco Orellana sailed the Amazon from the Andes to the mouth in 1542. By 1552, the Spaniards had explored the entire Pacific coast of South America, discovered the largest rivers of the continent (Amazon, Orinoco, Parana, Paraguay), and explored the Andes from 10° north latitude to 40° south latitude. Francisco de Orellana, depicted by a modern artist.

HERNANDO DE SOTO In the second quarter of the 16th century, French navigators also achieved significant success. J. Verrazano (1524) and J. Cartier () discovered the eastern coast of North America and the St. Lawrence River. In the years, the Spaniards E. Soto and F. Coronado traveled to the Southern Appalachians and the Southern Rocky Mountains, to the basins of the Colorado and Mississippi rivers.

Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, who discovered the strait between the Asian continent and America in 1617 centuries. Russian explorers explored the northern coasts of the Ob, Yenisei and Lena and mapped the contours of the northern coast of Asia. In 1642, Yakutsk was founded, which became the base for expeditions to the Arctic Ocean. Great geographical discoveries

Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, who discovered the strait between the Asian continent and America Great geographical discoveries In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (ca) left Kolyma and walked around the Chukotka peninsula, proving that the Asian continent is separated from America by a strait. The outlines of the northeastern coast of Asia were refined and plotted on maps (1667, “Drawing of the Siberian Land”).

Cape Dezhnev But Dezhnev's report on the discovery of the strait lay in the Yakut archive for 80 years and was published only in 1758. In the 18th century. The strait discovered by Dezhnev was named after the Danish navigator in the Russian service, Vitus Bering, who in 1728 opened the strait for the second time. In 1898, in memory of Dezhnev, a cape at the northeastern tip of Asia was named after him. Great geographical discoveries

Henry Hudson made four expeditions to North America over the years. He passed through the strait between Labrador and Baffin Island into a vast gulf in the interior of North America. Later, both the strait and the bay were named after Hudson. A river in eastern North America is also named after him, at the mouth of which the city of New York later arose. Hudson's fate ended tragically; in the spring of 1611, the mutinous crew of his ship landed him and his teenage son in a boat in the middle of the ocean, where they went missing. HENRY HUDSON

John Davis spent three voyages in the waters of the North Atlantic over the years, discovered the strait between Greenland and America (Davis Strait), and explored the coast of the Labrador Peninsula. John Davis Great geographical discoveries

Portrait of William Baffin by Hendrik van der Borcht William Baffin sailed in Arctic waters over the years: he made expeditions to the shores of Spitsbergen, explored Hudson Bay and the sea that was later named after him, discovered a number of islands in the Canadian Arctic archipelago, moving along the western coast of Greenland and reached 78° northern latitude. Samuel de Champlain In the first quarter of the 17th century. Europeans begin to explore North America. At first, France achieved the greatest success in this region. The first governor of Canada, Samuel Champlain. explored part of the eastern coast of North America, traveled deep into the continent: he discovered the Northern Appalachians, climbed up the St. Lawrence River to the Great Lakes and reached Lake Huron. By 1648, the French had discovered all five Great Lakes.

At the same time, at the beginning of the 17th century, European sailors penetrated the most remote part of the world from Europe, the areas located south of Southeast Asia. The Spaniard Luis Torres discovered the southern coast of New Guinea in 1606 and passed through the strait separating Asia and Australia (Torres Strait). Torres Strait Map Great Geographical Discoveries

Abel Janszon Tasman In Dutchman Abel Tasman discovered Tasmania, New Zealand, Fiji, and part of the coast of Northern and Western Australia. Tasman identified Australia as a single landmass and named it New Holland. But Holland did not have enough resources to explore the new continent, and a century later it had to be rediscovered. Great geographical discoveries

It is impossible to determine when a person made the first map. It is only known that many millennia BC, man already knew the area around him well and knew how to depict it on sand or tree bark. These cartographic images served to indicate migration routes, hunting places, etc.

As the economy and cultural needs of people developed, their horizons expanded. Many more hundreds of years passed. People, in addition to hunting and fishing, began to engage in cattle breeding and agriculture. This new, higher level of culture was reflected in the drawings and plans. They become more detailed, more expressive, and more accurately convey the character of the area.

One of the oldest images of a hunting ground in the North Caucasus has survived to this day. It is engraved on silver approximately 3 thousand years BC. e., i.e. about 5 thousand years ago. The picture shows a lake and rivers flowing into it, flowing from a mountain range. Animals that lived in those days on the slopes of the Caucasus Mountains or in the valleys are also depicted.

This most valuable cultural monument of the ancient inhabitants of our country was found by scientists during excavations of one of the mounds on the bank of the river. Kuban near the city of Maykop.

Under the slave system in the ancient world, the compilation of geographical maps reached great development. The Greeks established the sphericity of the Earth and its dimensions, introduced cartographic projections, meridians and parallels into science.

One of the most famous scientists of the ancient world, geographer and astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, who lived in Alexandria (at the mouth of the Nile River) in the 2nd century, compiled a detailed map of the Earth, which no one had ever created before.

This map depicts three parts of the world - Europe, Asia and Libya (as Africa was then called), as well as the Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean and other seas. The map already has a degree grid. Ptolemy introduced this grid to more correctly depict the spherical shape of the Earth on the map. The rivers, lakes, peninsulas of Europe and North Africa known at that time are shown quite accurately on Ptolemy’s map.

If you compare Ptolemy’s map with a modern one, it is easy to notice that areas located far from the Mediterranean Sea region, that is, known to Ptolemy only by rumor, received fantastic outlines.

What is especially striking is that Asia is not depicted in its entirety. Ptolemy did not know where it ended in the north and east. He also did not know about the existence of the Arctic and Pacific oceans. Africa continues on the map to the South Pole and turns into some kind of land connecting to Asia in the east. Ptolemy did not know that Africa ends in the south and is washed by the ocean. He also did not know about the existence of independent continents - America, Antarctica and Australia. Ptolemy depicted the Indian Ocean as a closed sea, into which it was impossible to sail on ships from Europe. And yet, in the ancient world and in subsequent centuries, until the 15th century, no one compiled a better map of the world than Ptolemy.

Ancient Egyptian map of gold mines, the so-called Turin papyrus. The map is a combination of a plan drawing and a profile one. This is a cartographic technique used until the 18th century. Mountains are shown in profile. The plan shows: a gold-bearing vein; a temple consisting of two halls and adjacent rooms; settlement of mine workers; ore washing basin.

The Romans made extensive use of maps for administrative and military purposes; they drew up road maps.

During the Middle Ages, the achievements of ancient science were forgotten for a long time. The Church entered into a fierce struggle with scientific ideas about the structure and origin of the world.

In schools, fables were taught about the creation of the world by God in six days, about the global flood, about heaven and hell. The idea that the Earth was spherical was considered “heretical” by churchmen and was strictly persecuted. The idea of ​​the Earth took on a completely fantastic form. In the VI century. The Byzantine merchant - monk Cosmas Indicoplov depicted the Earth in the shape of a rectangle.

The main type of maps is becoming rough, far from reality and lacking a scientific basis, “monastery maps”. They indicate the decline of cartography in medieval Europe. During this period, many small closed states arose in Europe. With a subsistence economy, these feudal states did not need connections with the outside world.

By the end of the Middle Ages, trade and navigation began to develop in European cities, and art and science began to flourish.

In the XIII-XIV centuries. In Europe, a compass and marine navigation charts, the so-called portolans, appeared.

These maps depicted the coastline in detail and very accurately, while the interior parts of the continents remained empty or were filled with pictures from the life of the peoples inhabiting them.

The era of great geographical discoveries created the conditions for the rise of cartographic science: sailors needed a good, truthful geographical map. In the 16th century more correct maps appeared, built in new cartographic projections.

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